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The Properties of Matter. Chapter 2. Problem Solving. Scientists will often use an object’s properties to best help them solve a problem. Section 1: What is Matter?. Objectives Define and describe the two properties of all matter Identify the tools and units used to measure volume and mass
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The Properties of Matter Chapter 2
Problem Solving • Scientists will often use an object’s properties to best help them solve a problem
Section 1: What is Matter? • Objectives • Define and describe the two properties of all matter • Identify the tools and units used to measure volume and mass • Calculate the volume of a regular-shaped object with a formula • Calculate the volume of an irregular-shaped object with the water displacement method • Compare and contrast mass and weight • Explain the relationship between mass and inertia
Section 1: What is Matter? • We are made of matter • Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space
Section 1: What is Matter? • Is it matter? • Toaster • Bowl of soup • Steam • Sound • Dust • Air • Heat • Flag • Bacteria • Light
Section 1: What is Matter? • How much space does matter take up? • It depends • We call it volume • Volume is the amount of space taken up, or occupied, by an object
Section 1: What is Matter? • Liquid volume • Often use units like the Liter (L) and milliliter (mL) • 1000 mL = 1 L • Use a graduated cylinder to measure • Read along meniscus bottom • Meniscus is a curve at a liquid’s surface
Section 1: What is Matter? • Volume of solids • Regular shape—use a formula • Irregular shape—water displacement method • Measure water volume • Measure new volume with object • Find difference VOLUME = LENGTH X WIDTH X HEIGHT
Section 1: What is Matter? • How will we do math problems in physical science? • 4 steps • Write the formula • Identify the variables • Put numbers in equation • Solve for the answer, circle answer
Section 1: What is Matter? • Sample problem: What is the volume of a box that has a length of 5 cm, a width of 1 cm, and a height of 2 cm? • Step 1: Write the formula V= L x W x H
Section 1: What is Matter? • Sample problem: What is the volume of a box that has a length of 5 cm, a width of 1 cm, and a height of 2 cm? • Step 2: Identify the variables 5 cm 1 cm 2 cm
Section 1: What is Matter? • Sample problem: What is the volume of a box that has a length of 5 cm, a width of 1 cm, and a height of 2 cm? • Step 3: Put numbers in the equation V= 5 cm x 1 cm x 2 cm
Section 1: What is Matter? • Sample problem: What is the volume of a box that has a length of 5 cm, a width of 1 cm, and a height of 2 cm? • Step 4: Solve and circle answer V= 5 cm x 1 cm x 2 cm V= 10 cm3 NO NAKED NUMBERS!!
Section 1: What is Matter? • Matter and Mass and Weight • Mass is the amount of matter in an object • It is the same everywhere in the universe! • Weight is a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object • The more mass, the more weight • Varies by its location in the universe
Section 1: What is Matter? • Differences between Mass and Weight
Section 1: What is Matter? • Inertia • Inertiais the tendency of an object to resist a change in motion • The more mass an item has, the more inertia it will have
Section 1: What is Matter? • Section Review • Please answer the objectives on your objective summary sheet • Define and describe the two properties of all matter • Identify the tools and units used to measure volume and mass • Calculate the volume of a regular-shaped object with a formula • Calculate the volume of an irregular-shaped object with the water displacement method • Compare and contrast mass and weight • Explain the relationship between mass and inertia
Section 2: Physical Properties • Objectives • Identify six examples of physical properties of matter • Describe how density is used to identify substances • Calculate density using a formula • List examples of physical changes • Explain what happens to matter during a physical change
Section 2: Physical Properties • Let’s play 20 Questions!
Section 2: Physical Properties • Physical properties are great for the game • Physical properties are great for describing matter • Physical properties are traits that can be observed or measured without changing the matter’s identity
Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance. Lead is very dense, so it makes a good sinker for a fishing line Thermal conductivity is the rate at which a substance transfers heat. Plastic foam is a poor conductor State is the physical form of the substance, such as solid, liquid, or gas. Ice is water in the solid state Section 2: Physical Properties Malleability is the ability of a substance to be rolled or pounded into thin sheets. Aluminum can be rolled into sheets to make foil Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in another substance. Flavored drink mix dissolves in water. Ductility is the ability of a substance to be pulled into a wire. Copper is often used to make wiring because it is so ductile
Section 2: Physical Properties • Density • Describes the relationship between mass and volume • Density is the amount of matter in a given amount of space, or volume GOLF 46 grams PING PONG 2 grams
Section 2: Physical Properties • Solving for Density (d) • Density can help identify substances DENSITY = MASS VOLUME
Section 2: Physical Properties • Sample problem: What is the density of an object whose mass is 25g and whose volume is 10 cm3? • Step 1: Write the formula DENSITY = MASS VOLUME
Section 2: Physical Properties • Sample problem: What is the density of an object whose mass is 25g and whose volume is 10 cm3? • Step 2: Identify the variables 25 g 10 cm3
Section 2: Physical Properties • Sample problem: What is the density of an object whose mass is 25g and whose volume is 10 cm3? • Step 3: Put numbers in the equation DENSITY= 25 g 10 cm3
Section 2: Physical Properties • Sample problem: What is the density of an object whose mass is 25g and whose volume is 10 cm3? • Step 4: Solve and circle answer DENSITY= 25 g 10 cm3 Density= 2.5 g/cm3 NO NAKED NUMBERS!!
Section 2: Physical Properties • The formula triangle • Cover up the piece you want to solve for • Find the new equation • M = • V = D x V M D
Section 2: Physical Properties • Sample problem: Suppose you have a lead ball whose mass is 454 g. What is the ball’s volume? • Step 1: Write the formula V= M D
Section 2: Physical Properties • Sample problem: Suppose you have a lead ball whose mass is 454 g. What is the ball’s volume? • Step 2: Identify the variables 454 g 11.35 g/cm3
Section 2: Physical Properties • Sample problem: Suppose you have a lead ball whose mass is 454 g. What is the ball’s volume? • Step 3: Put numbers in the equation V= 454 g 11.35 g/cm3
Section 2: Physical Properties • Sample problem: Suppose you have a lead ball whose mass is 454 g. What is the ball’s volume? • Step 4: Solve and circle answer V= 454 g 11.35 g/cm3 NO NAKED NUMBERS!! V= 40 cm 3
Section 2: Physical Properties • Physical Changes do not form new substances • A physicalchange is a change that affects one or more physical properties of a substances
Section 2: Physical Properties • Examples of physical changes • Freezing water • Sanding wood • Dissolve sugar in water • Melting butter
Section 2: Physical Properties • Matter and physical changes • Physical changes to not change the identity of the matter involved • Ice is still water • Sawdust is still wood • Melted butter is still butter • Shaped clay is still clay • Cut paper is still paper
Section 2: Physical Properties • Section Review • Please answer the objectives on your objective summary sheet • Identify six examples of physical properties of matter • Describe how density is used to identify substances • Calculate density using a formula • List examples of physical changes • Explain what happens to matter during a physical change
Section 3: Chemical Properties • Objectives • Describe two examples of chemical properties • Explain the importance of characteristic properties • Explain what happens during a chemical change • Distinguish between physical and chemical changes
Section 3: Chemical Properties • Chemical properties • A chemical property describes matter based on its ability to change into new matter that has different properties
Section 3: Chemical Properties • Chemical Properties • Flammability is the ability of a substance to burn • Reactivity is the ability of two or more substances to combine to form one or more new substances
Section 3: Chemical Properties • Physical versus Chemical properties
Section 3: Chemical Properties • Physical versus Chemical properties • How do you tell? • Chemical—substance changes into something new by observing property • Physical—does not change identity by observing property
Section 3: Chemical Properties • Characteristic Properties • Characteristic properties are the properties that are most useful in identifying a substance • Do not change regardless of sample size • Density, solubility, flammability, reactivity • How do I know what is in this beaker????
Section 3: Chemical Properties • Chemical Changes and New Substances • A chemical change is when one or more substances are changed into new substances that have new and different properties • Not the same as a chemical property!
Section 3: Chemical Properties • How do we know a chemical change is occurring? • Change in color or odor
Section 3: Chemical Properties • How do we know a chemical change is occurring? • Formation of a gas (fizzing and foaming)
Section 3: Chemical Properties • How do we know a chemical change is occurring? • Sound or light being given off
Section 3: Chemical Properties Reactivity with Vinegar Gas bubbles are produced when vinegar is poured into baking soda • Physical and Chemical Changes Change in texture Grinding baking soda into a fine, powdery substance is a physical change
Section 3: Chemical Properties • Physical versus Chemical Changes • How do I know which is which? • DID THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION CHANGE? • If yes, it’s chemical • If no, it’s physical
Section 3: Chemical Properties • Can changes be reversed? • Sometimes! • Ice water ice again REVERSIBLE • Eggfried egg IRREVERSIBLE
Section 3: Chemical Properties • Section Review • Please answer the objectives on your objective summary sheet • Describe two examples of chemical properties • Explain the importance of characteristic properties • Explain what happens during a chemical change • Distinguish between physical and chemical changes