AP Prep Sessions

1. AP Prep Sessions Saturday, March 29, 2014 Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies c. 600 B.C.E to c. 600 C.E

3. Classical Civilizations: Mesoamerica Mayan Civilization Social Hierarchy -majority were peasants (slaves) -merchants had high status -Kings, priests, and hereditary nobles at the top Technology -ridged field system -made use of rainfall and swamps 300 BCE – 800 CE -Guatemala and Yucatan peninsula -Collection of city states, one king -pyramid builders, polytheistic -used hieroglyphics Mayan Golden Age, 500 – 850 CE -calendar system -city building, Tikal: Political center -Mayan warfare done with religious significance. Also done to acquire slaves for large monuments

4. Classical Civilizations: Mesoamerica Collapse of the Maya • Disease, drought or declining health? • Internal unrest and warfare? • Growing populations gradually exhausted their environment and could not support needs of their people.

5. Chichen Itza Many well preserved ruins of the Maya remain today, including the temple at Chichen Itza. Similar to Egyptian pyramids and Mesopotamian ziggurats.

8. Classical India Mauryan Empire, 321-180 BCE -by 321 BCE, Aryan culture and belief systems spread throughout India -321 BCE, they Mauryan Empire unified the smaller Aryan kingdoms into a civilization. -AshokaMaurya, took the empire to its greatest heights -Mauryan Empire became wealthy through trade. Its merchants traded silk, cotton, and elephants along other items. -After disgust with violent campaigns of expansion, Ashoka converted to Buddhism. He then preached nonviolence and moderation. -Ashoka known for Rock and Pillar Edicts, using Buddhist principles to govern his empire

10. Classical India Gupta Dynasty, 320-550 C.E -232 C.E, Ashoka died and the Mauryan Empire declined quickly -economic problems and attacks on their borders helped bring the dynasty down -Chandra Gupta established the Gupta Empire -decentralized and smaller compared to the Mauryan Empire Golden Age -relative peace, advances in arts and sciences (concept of pi and zero, decimal system and numerals 1 through 9) -numerals diffused later to Arabs becoming Arabic numerals

11. Classical India Gupta Empire -Hinduism became the dominant religion in India. -Hinduism reinforced the caste system -women increasingly lost rights, under the control of men they lost rights to own or inherit property. Could not participate in sacred rituals or study religion. -Gupta Empire collapsed under pressure from the White Huns in 550 C.E.

13. Classical China Qin Dynasty, 221-209 BCE -strong economy based on farming -powerful army with iron weapons -conquered surrounding areas, -unified under single emperor: Qin Shihuangdi -recentralized various feudal kingdoms that split apart at the end of the Zhou, standardized laws, currencies, weights and measures and formalized a system of writing. -did not tolerate dissent -books burned, scholars killed -Used Legalism

14. Classical China Han Dynasty -Qin China fell to peasants after emperors death -Wu Ti, enlarged the territory of China to central asia and stopped the Xiongnu invasion into China -trade thrived along the silk road to Rome and the Mediterranean -civil service exams based on teachings of Confucius. The Han believed officials should be highly educated and good communicators -The Chinese invented paper, sundials, and the compass

15. Classical China Collapse of the Han • Xin Dynasty seized the throne from the Han, used the Mandate of Heaven to justify power. • Leader of Xin, Wang Mang, tried reforms of land ownership and a change in currency. Both were unsuccessful and led to a poor performing economy. • Wang Mang forced people to join the army, taxed landowners heavily causing a decrease in pay to farmers. • Famine, floods and inflation led to peasant uprisings and the end of the Xin Dynasty. The Han was restored a few years later but could not fully recover. In 220, the government collapsed. China was in a period of regional kingdoms.

18. Classical Mediterranean Persian Empire -established an empire by conquering the Babylonians, Lydians, Phoenicians and the Egyptians. -Satraps or governor paid his taxes and contributed soldiers to the Great King when requested -There was much self government within the provinces -To improve transportation and communication, they built the Great Royal Road stretching from the Persian Gulf to the Aegean Sea.

20. Classical Mediterranean Within and near the Persian Empire, smaller societies existed and kept their identities… -Lydians: first to use coined money for trade instead of barter system. -Phoenicians: powerful naval city states along the Mediterranean. Developed a simple alphabet using 22 letters. Greeks adopted the phoenician alphabet changing later into these very letters your reading! -Hebrews: Known for their beliefs called Judaism. They were monotheistic. Under the Persians, they were freed from captivity and continued to develop a distinct culture leading to a major religion of the world.

21. Classical Mediterranean Greece -located on the Balkan peninsula -mountainous islands, little ability for agriculture -did have natural harbors and mild weather -commercial activity done by boat -traded and sailed to Palestine, Egypt, and Carthage exchanging wine and olive products for grain -Athens became a wealthy city at the center of trade -Greece always sought colonies due to limited space, making them have a powerful military, good government and communication.

22. Classical Mediterranean City States of Greece -city states known as polis -shared common culture and identity -city states independent from each other Athens and Sparta -Athens: political, commercial and cultural center of Greek civilization -Sparta: agricultural and highly militaristic. Boys and girls received military training stressing equality, not individuality.

23. Classical Mediterranean Social Structure -Citizens: adult males who engaged in business or commerce -Free people with no political rights -Noncitizens (slaves who accounted for 1/3 of the people in Athens, with no rights) Citizen Participation -debates led to civic decisions -all citizens were expected to participate -Athens changed from a monarchy to aristocracy to a democracy -slave labor freed up time to participate in democracy -slaves were private property, laborers servants businessmen

24. Classical Mediterranean Greek Mythology: Many Gods • Polytheistic • Myths about their gods such as Zeus and Aphrodite hold much interest with many today • Greek gods believed to posses human feelings (anger, drunkenness, arguments) Persian Wars, 499-449 BCE • United Greek city states against the Persians • Athens largely destroyed, but ended in stalemate • Greece entered what historians call, the Golden Age of Pericles after defeating Persia.

25. Classical Mediterranean Golden Age of Pericles, 480-404 B.C.E • Athens becomes cultural center under Pericles. • Pericles established democracy for all adult males. • Under him, Athens was rebuilt after the Persian Wars • Also, under Pericles, Athens established the Delian League. • Delian League was an alliance against aggression from its common enemies • Philosophy and arts flourished for two centuries!

26. Classical Mediterranean: Philosophy Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle • Believed truth could be discovered through rational thought and deliberate and careful observation. • They also felt that virtue (moral excellence) and the search for goodness would lead to internal peace and happiness. • Despite errors in some observations, it was the process they established that is most recognized Other achievements • Epic poems: Homer’s Illiad and Odyssey (Western Civilization first masterworks) • Inspired the European Renaissance and Enlightenment periods

27. Classical Mediterranean Peloponnesian War, 431-404 BCE • Athens and Sparta go to war • Sparta and Athens weakened by war • Macedonians under Phillip III invaded Athens and conquered the region. He respected Greek culture and preserved much of it. • Phillip’s son, Alexander the Great expanded their territory by conquering the Persian Empire up to the Indus River. • Upon Alexander’s death, his generals split up his empire into Hellenistic kingdoms. • Hellenistic kingdoms know for spreading Greek culture throughout the empire, well after Alexander’s death.

31. Classical Mediterranean: Rome Social Structures: • Patricians – landowning noblemen • Plebeians- all other free men • Slaves, 1/3 of the population, many from conquered territories. Some had opportunities for freedom. • Roman family, centered on pater familias, which is the eldest male in the family. • Roman women could own property, but seen inferior to men like in Greek society

32. Classical Mediterranean: Rome Structure of the Roman Representative Republic Main government body made up of TWO groups: -Senate, patrician families -Assembly, opened up to plebeians. Two consuls (civil person with capability to administer laws) elected by the Assembly. Civil Laws of Rome -laws codified (make into collection, consolidate) into Twelve Tables of Rome. Later, these laws extended to all conquered territories.

33. Classical Mediterranean: Rome Collapse of the Republic • Large landowners used conquered territories • Small farmers displaced, moved to cities casing overcrowding and unemployment among plebeians • Roman currency was devalued due to inflation. (Plebeians did not have enough money to buy the things they could previously afford). • Political leaders fought among themselves • Power of the senate weakened leading to first triumvirates: Pompey, Crassus and Julius Caesar.

34. Classical Mediterranean: Rome Collapse of the Republic • Caesar was given power over southern Gaul (France) and other parts of Europe. He didn’t conquer Germany which would later be areas where groups trained to fight the Romans). • Civil war in Rome between Senate, Pompey, and Crassus leads to Caesar becoming “emperor for life”. He was soon assassinated by Senators in 44 BCE. • Second triumvirate, Octavius, Marc Antony and Lepidus came to power. Power soon shifted to Octavius and he assumed the name Augustus Caesar and became emperor. The republic was gone. Rome became an empire.

35. Classical Mediterranean: Rome The Height of the Roman Empire • Under Augustus, Rome followed rule of law, uniform currency, civil service and safe travel for merchants. • Rome lasted 200 years as an empire. PaxRomana. • Traditional customs of the people in the conquered territories survived, i.e.. Hebrews, Egyptians, Persians etc. Arts and Sciences • Literature, Ovid’s Metamorphoses and Virgil’s Aeneid • Architecture, Pantheon,Colosseum and the Forum • Science, Ptolemy studied astronomy • Roman engineers worked on roads and aqueducts.

36. Classical Mediterranean: Rome Rise of Christianity • Initially, both Judaism and Christianity were tolerated by the Romans • Jewish resistance to Roman control led to the suppression of Judaism. • Apostles of Jesus and missionaries were seen as threats to Romans. • Emperor Nero began to persecute Christianity, but didn’t stop the spread of the religion. • Emperor Constantine issued an Edict of Milan in 313 C.E that ended the persecution of Christians. IT • By 391 CE, it became the official religion of the Roman Empire, and one of the world’s most influential religions.

37. Classical Mediterranean: Rome Fall of the Roman Empire • External pressure – Germanic invasions • Size of the empire, huge expense of maintaining it • Weak or ineffective rulers • Emperor Diocletian divided the empire • Constantine seized power once Diocletian retired and civil war erupted. He moved the capital to Greek city Byzantium and renamed the city Constantinople. • Germanic tribes, pushed into Western Rome and conquered Rome in 476 CE. The fall of Western Rome was complete. • The eastern half would continue as the Byzantine Empire.

42. Trade and diffusion

46. Free Response Questions: Compare and Contrast Essay / CCOT • Compare and contrast political systems in Rome and China during 600 B.C.E to 600 CE. • Analyze similarities and differences in the collapse of TWO of the following empires: Rome, Han, and Gupta. • Analyze the political and social continuities and changes that occurred between 100 BCE and 500 CE.