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The High Middle Ages: Growth of Europe

The High Middle Ages: Growth of Europe. SS.A.2.4.7; SS.B.1.4.1; SS.A.2.4.11; SS.B.1.4.4. Vikings Become Normans. England & The Norman Invasion. AD 400: Anglos and Saxons invade England 800s: King Alfred the Great unites Anglo-Saxon kingdoms; Anglo-Saxons rule England

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The High Middle Ages: Growth of Europe

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  1. The High Middle Ages: Growth of Europe SS.A.2.4.7; SS.B.1.4.1; SS.A.2.4.11; SS.B.1.4.4

  2. Vikings Become Normans

  3. England & The Norman Invasion • AD 400: Anglos and Saxons invade England • 800s: King Alfred the Great unites Anglo-Saxon kingdoms; Anglo-Saxons rule England • October 14, 1066: Battle of Hastings • William of Normandy leads mounted army of Normans against the foot-soldiers of King Harold • All knights get land for swearing loyalty to William, as sole ruler of England • Official language of the Kings court is French, eventually Anglo-Saxon and French cultures mix • William conducts first census since Romans

  4. William the Conqueror

  5. King Henry II of England • 1154-1189: Henry II expands monarchy’s power • Courts of Justice closed, replaced by King’s court • Local codes of law replaced by English common law • Catholic Church challenges kings power to put clergy on trial, when Henry tries to punish Archbishop Thomas à Becket of Canterbury • Instead, Henry has the archbishop killed, but when people get angry with him, he gives church its way

  6. Henry II vs. Thomas

  7. The Magna Carta • Many rich noblemen did not like the growing power of the king/monarchy • 1200s: Noblemen rise up and rebel against king • King John forced to put seal on a document of rights called The Magna Carta (Great Charter) • Limited the power of the monarch • A feudal document recognizing the mutual obligations of lords and vassals • Magna Carta allows for England’s first Parliament to form under reign of Edward I

  8. The Magna Carta

  9. Europe, A.D. 1160

  10. France: Rise of the Capetians • 843: Carolingian Empire divided, W. Frankish kingdom becomes early French kingdom • 987: Last Carolingian king dies, replaced by Hugh Capet, starting Capetian Dynasty in France • Early on Capetian kings had little power, controlling only the lands around Paris (a.k.a. Ile-de-France) • 1182-1223: King Philip II Augustus defeat English armies and take control of territories of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Aquitaine, expanding the power and wealth of the French crown

  11. King Philip II Augustus of France

  12. Philip’s Conquests

  13. France • 1223-1314: kings Louis IX and Philip IV expand French power and wealth even more • By 1300, France was the largest, most powerful European monarchical state • 1302: Philip IV established France’s first parliament by holding regular meetings with the three estates: • First Estate: the clergy • Second Estate: the nobility • Third Estate: peasants and townspeople

  14. King Louis IX

  15. The Holy Roman Empire • 900s: Saxon dukes became kings of Eastern Frankish Kingdom, renamed Germany • In return for protecting the pope, King Otto I of Germany is crowned “Emperor of the Romans” in 962 (first since Charlemagne) • As new “Roman” emperors, German kings attempted to rule both Germany and Italy • Kings wanted to make money off of Italy • Italy must be at center of a “holy” or “Roman” realm

  16. Banner of the Holy Roman Empire

  17. Holy Roman Struggles In Italy • With Jerusalem under Arab control, Rome becomes center of Christianity to W. Europeans • Frederick I considers his empire “holy” and thinks Rome must be included to legitimize empire • Italy is only part of Europe with good trade • Pope opposes Frederick’s campaign in Italy • Northern Italian cities, used to their freedom, join the pope and defeat HRE in 1176 • Frederick II won many battles, also defeated

  18. Empire In Decline • While emperors fought in Italy, powerful lords left behind to rule Germany • With defeat in Italy, many lords think emperor weak, and create their own smaller kingdoms • German H.R. Emperors left with no real power • Germany and Italy never create powerful, centralized monarchy; unlike England & France • Italy & Germany consist of small, independent states until 1800s

  19. Central & Eastern Europe • Slavic people started as single group in C.E. • Split into western, eastern, and southern Slavs • Western Slavs establish Polish and Bohemian (Czech) kingdoms, converted to Western Christianity by German monks in tenth century • Hungary also converted by Germans • Eastern and southern Slavs convert to Eastern Orthodox Christianity by Byzantine missionaries Cyril and Methodius • Croats, southern Slavs, accept the Roman church

  20. Russia • Slavs also settle in area of modern Ukraine and Russia • Late 700s: Swedish Vikings come, dominate • Locals call their new rulers Rus • Viking leader Oleg, settles in city of Kiev • Establishes Principality of Kiev, a Rus state • Eventually, Kiev rules over lands b/w Baltic and Black seas, and the Danube and Volga rivers • Vikings eventually assimilate into Slavic culture • Rus convert to Orthodox Christianity

  21. End of the Russian State • 1200s: Mongols conquer Russia, requiring Rus princes to pay them tribute • One prince, Alexander Nevsky, emerges as most powerful • 1242: Nevsky defeats invading German army • The Khan, mongol leader, rewards Nevsky with title of “grand-prince” • Nevsky’s descendants eventually come to rule

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