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Animal Cloning

Animal Cloning. Melissa Schultz And Sally Dean . Dolly. In 1997, first viable offspring derived from differentiated cells of an adult. This was achieved by nuclear transfer Dolly was genetically identical to the donor ewe. How is it Done?. So: Science Explained

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Animal Cloning

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  1. Animal Cloning Melissa Schultz And Sally Dean

  2. Dolly • In 1997, first viable offspring derived from differentiated cells of an adult. • This was achieved by nuclear transfer • Dolly was genetically identical to the donor ewe.

  3. How is it Done? So: Science Explained www.synapses.co.uk/science/

  4. Gene the cloned calfAugust 1997 • Used primordial stem cells from 30- day old calf fetus • How is this different than Dolly? • Possibilities of using cloned cattle to improve meat and dairy quality

  5. Cc: • The first successful companion animal clone -paving the way for commercial pet cloning • Cloned in the same way as Dolly but instead using cumulus and fibroblast cells of an adult female donor • Coat color not exactly like donor but genetic material is

  6. Commercial Pet Cloning • Genetic Savings and Clone - company advertising cloning of pets -Price list for skin sample storage: $895 for standard service and $1395 for emergency service • Texas A&M -estimated cost of $250,000 for a pet clone

  7. Missyplicity Project • GSC along with Missy’s wealthy owners are funding this project • Same researchers that cloned Cc are working on this project • If successful, this will be the first dog clone • Dog cloning will be more difficult than cat.

  8. Why Clone? • FOOD ANIMALS (Ruminants) • Increase quality and consistency of milk and meat products • Human pharmaceutical interest -transgenic animals yield human proteins

  9. Why Clone? • FOOD ANIMALS (Pigs) • Potential for being a hot commodity • Xenotransplantation into human recipients -Transgenic pig organs will hopefully have less of an effect on the human immune system. • Parkinson’s Disease

  10. Why Clone? • Cats • Research Human AIDS using the feline AIDS (FIV) as a model. • Poultry • Currently developing a method to clone poultry eggs

  11. Why Clone? • Goats -Spider Silk Protein • Rabbits -Valuable for studying human cardiovascular disease

  12. Why Clone? • Primates (Non-Human) • Not a practice run for human cloning • Goal is to create identical animals to study human diseases (ex. Hepatitis)

  13. Why Clone? • Endangered Species • Researchers in China are trying the cloning method on the Giant Panda.

  14. What mammals have been cloned thus far? • In order of cloning difficulty 1. Others: cat and primate- most challenging 2. Goat 3. Pig 4. Cow 5. Mouse 6. Sheep – furthest development

  15. Problems with Cloning • There is a major efficiency problem in all cloning procedures. • In Cc’s case: - 188 fertilized eggs that underwent nuclear transfer. -Of those, 82 cloned embryos were successfully implanted -Of those 82 cloned embryos, we only got Cc! • There are hundreds of attempts for every animal cloned

  16. Problems with Cloning • Efficiency rate is less than 2% • Nuclear transferFertilizationEmbryo developmentEmbryo implant Pregnancy Birth  Life after birth • Something can go wrong at any of these steps.

  17. Problems with Cloning • Cows -Large Calf Syndrome, “Granada Ghost” -lethal potassium levels • Pigs - embryos are extremely fragile -must have at least 4 fetuses per uterus • Researchers are having a difficult time with the cats and primates as well.

  18. Problems with Cloning • Researchers have turned back to the drawing board. -DNA retrograde growth into the inactivated state. • Currently putting genes randomly into the genomes. -lengthy process of gene targeting decreases the chance of division. • Researchers aren’t sharing information.

  19. Ethical/Moral Issues • Religious and political concerns • NABC- National Bioethical Advisory Commission -religious lobbyists -strong and influential opponent to cloning • US ban on human cloning research -Clinton, 1997 -also banned human embryo research

  20. Ethical/Moral Issues • Long term effects of cloning? -Dolly has shown signs of premature aging (arthritis). • Pets -already have animal overpopulation

  21. Ethical/Moral Issues • What if they are able to clone outstanding racehorses? • Will this take away any competition? Triple Crown Winner Secretariat

  22. Conclusion • Lots of benefits and pitfalls to cloning. • Make your own decision!

  23. Websites • Genetic Savings and Clone: www.savingsandclone.com • Roslin Institute: www.roslin.ac.uk • Missyplicity Project: www.missyplicity.com

  24. Questions? REFERENCES • Wilmut, I., Schnieke, A.E., et al. Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature. 385, 810-813. • Shin, T., Kraemer, D., et al. Cell Biology: A cat cloned by nuclear transplantation. Nature, 415, 859-861. • Pennisi, E., & Vogel, G., Clones: A hard act to follow. Science. 288, 1722-1726. • Ruse, M., & Sheppard, A., Responsible Science or Technomadness? Cloning. Prometheus Books, Amherst, NY. 2001. p1-25.

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