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VITAMIN

VITAMIN. ORGANIC COMPOUND: 1.COMPONENT OF NATURAL FOOD DISTINCT FROM CH, FAT,PROTEIN, AND WATER 2.PRESENT IN NORMAL FOODS IN MINUTE AMOUNT 3.ESSENTIAL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF NORMAL TISSUE AND FOR NORMAL HEALTH, GROWTH, MAINTENANCE 4.WHEN ABSENT CAUSE A SPECIFIC DEFICIENCY DISEASE

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VITAMIN

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  1. VITAMIN ORGANIC COMPOUND: 1.COMPONENT OF NATURAL FOOD DISTINCT FROM CH, FAT,PROTEIN, AND WATER 2.PRESENT IN NORMAL FOODS IN MINUTE AMOUNT 3.ESSENTIAL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF NORMAL TISSUE AND FOR NORMAL HEALTH, GROWTH, MAINTENANCE 4.WHEN ABSENT CAUSE A SPECIFIC DEFICIENCY DISEASE 5.CANNOT BE SYNTHESIZED BY THE HOST THE VITAMINS HAVE NO CHEMICAL RESEMBLANCE TO EACH OTHER, BUT BECAUSE OF A SIMILAR GENERAL FUNCTION IN METABOLISM THEY ARE CONSIDERED TOGETHER ALPHABETNOMENCLATURE BASED ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE

  2. Vitamins • Organic compounds needed for growth and good health • They are crucial in helping the body use nutrients and often function as coenzymes • Only vitamins D, K, and B are synthesized in the body; all others must be ingested • Water-soluble vitamins (B-complex and C) are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract • B12 additionally requires gastric intrinsic factor to be absorbed

  3. Vitamins • Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) bind to ingested lipids and are absorbed with their digestion products • Vitamins A, C, and E also act in an antioxidant cascade

  4. Vitamins • The word "vitamin" comes from vita, the Latin for "life". Everybody must eat a certain amount of vitamins to stay healthy. • Vitamins are chemicals found in very small amounts in many different foods. • If people live on a very limited range of foods they may not get their proper share of vitamins

  5. VITAMIN FAT SOLUBLE WATER SOLUBLE VITAMIN A VITAMIN D VITAMIN E VITAMIN K THIAMINE RIBOFLAVIN PYRIDOXINE PANTOTHENIC ACID FOLIC ACID CHOLINE BIOTIN CYANOCOBALAMIN ASCORBIC ACID

  6. VITAMIN SUMMARY OF THE METABOLIC ACTIVITIES OF VITAMINS

  7. VITAMIN A (RETINOL, RETINAL RETINOIC ACID) 1913 McCOLLUM and DAVIS  RAT FAILED TO GROW 1931 KARRER  ISOLATED FROM FISH OIL 1940 SYNTHETIC BECOME COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE RETINOL (TRANSPOT) RETINAL RETINOIC ACID DARK SCOTOPSIN LIGHT INACTIVE PRODUCT VISUAL PIGMENT VITAMIN A ESTER (STORAGE)

  8. VITAMIN A (RETINOL, RETINAL RETINOIC ACID) PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE AND DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM 1.VITAMIN A AND VISION RHODOPSIN IN DARK + SCOTOPSIN IN LIGHT 11-CIS-RETINAL TRANS RETINAL + SCOTOPSIN ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE VIT A ISOMERASE 11-CIS-RETINOL (IN BLOOD) TRANS RETINOL

  9. VITAMIN A (RETINOL, RETINAL RETINOIC ACID) PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE AND DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM 2.VITAMIN A IN REPRODUCTION • IN FEMALE: RETINOL OR RETINAL IS REQUIRED FOR MAINTENANCE OF • THE PLACENTA IN THE SECOND HALF OF GESTATION (22d). DEFICIENCY • NECROSIS OF THE PLACENTAL DISK, RESORPTION OF THE FOETUS • IN MALE: FAILURE OF SPERMATOGENESIS PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE AND DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM 3.SYNTHESIS OF MPS ACTIVATION OF SULFAT MOLECULE WHICH IS ELEMENT OF MPS RESPIRATORYCOLD AND SINUS TROUBLE ALIMENTARY TRACT DIARRHOEA GENITO-URINARY TRACTBLADDER STONE REPRODUCTIONABNORMAL REPRODUCTION

  10. VITAMIN A (RETINOL, RETINAL RETINOIC ACID) PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE AND DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM 4.DEVELOPMENT OF BONE ACTIVITY OF OSTEOCLAST AND OSTEOBLAST BLINDNESS IN CALVES (OPTIC NERVE) DEAFNESS IN DOGS (AUDITORY NERVE)

  11. VITAMIN D (ERGOCALCIFEROL AND CHOLECALCIFEROL 1650 GLISSON (ENGLAND) 1918 MELLANBY: RICKET IN DOG BY GIVING MILK ONLY 1919 HULDSCHINSKY: RACHITIC CHILDREN BY ULTRAVIOLET RAY 1931 ANGUS: ERGOSTEROLD2; 7-DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL D3 METABOLIC FUNCTION: 1.ABSORPTION OF Ca AND P FROM INTESTINAL TRACT 2.REABSORPTION OF PHOSPHATE FROM KIDNEY TUBULAR 3.INCREASE ACTIVITY OF ENZYME PHYTASE IN RAT INTESTINE 4.STIMULATE INCORPORATE OF P INTO PHOSPOLIPID OF INTESTINAL MUCOSA

  12. VITAMIN D (ERGOCALCIFEROL AND CHOLECALCIFEROL DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS: RICKETENLARGED JUNCTION BETWEEN BONE AND CARTILAGES  CURVATURE OF THE BONE IN SEVERE CASES OSTEOMALACIAREABSORPTION POULTRYBONES AND BEAK BECOME SOFT AND RUBBERY GROWTH RETARDED, LEG BECOME BOWED POTENCY: CATLE, SHEEP, PIG D2 =D3 POULTRY D2 1/35 D3

  13. VITAMIN E (TOCOPHEROL, ANTI STERILITAS, ANTI OKSIDANT) 1920 MATTIL and CONKLIN: MILK + YEAST + Fe  UNABLE BEAR YOUNG 1922 BISHOP and EVANS: FACTOR X FOR NORMAL REPRODUCTION 1936 EVANS: ISOLATED VITAMIN E FROM WHEAT GERM OIL TOCOPHEROL TOKOS + PHERO THERE ARE ABOUT 8 NATURALLY OCCURING TOCOPHEROL AND TOCOTRIENOL, ALL HAVE THE SAME PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES. TOCOPHEROLS ARE YELLOW, OILY LIQUID, REMARKABLY STABLE TO HEAT AND ACIDS BUT NO ALKALINE.

  14. VITAMIN E (TOCOPHEROL, ANTI STERILITAS, ANTI OKSIDANT) TOCOPHEROLS ARE LARGELY FOUND IN WHEAT GERM OIL AND OTHER GERM OIL PORTION. IN ANIMAL BODY FOUND IN BODY FAT, IN HEART MUSCLE, α-TOCOPHEROL FOUND IN MITOCHONDRIA BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION: 1) PROTECTING OTHER NUTRIENT LIKE VIT A AS WELL AS SATURATED FATTY ACIDS FROM DESTRUCTIVE OXIDATION, 2) PARTICIPATE IN NORMAL TISSUE RESPIRATION: a) CYTOCHROME REDUCTASE SYSTEM, b) PROTECT LIPID STRUCTURE OF MITOCHONDRIA FROM OXIDATION DESTRUCTION 3) AIDS THE NORMAL PHOSPORYLATION OF CREATINE PHOSPHATE AND ATP 4) INVOLVE IN THE SYNTHESIS OF ASCORBIC ACID, AND IN METABOLISM OF NUCLEIC ACID AND SAA

  15. VITAMIN E (TOCOPHEROL, ANTI STERILITAS, ANTI OKSIDANT) REPRODUCTIVE

  16. VITAMIN E (TOCOPHEROL, ANTI STERILITAS, ANTI OKSIDANT) LIVER, BLOOD, CAPILLARIES, BRAIN

  17. VITAMIN E (TOCOPHEROL, ANTI STERILITAS, ANTI OKSIDANT) NUTRITIONAL MYOPATHIES

  18. VITAMIN E (TOCOPHEROL, ANTI STERILITAS, ANTI OKSIDANT)

  19. VITAMIN K (PHYLLOQUINONE, PRENYLMENAQUINONE, MENADIONE 1935 DAM: GREEN LEAVES  HAEMORRHAGIC SYNDROME 1939 DAM: PURIFIED COMPOUND WAS ISOLATED FROM ALFALFA DANISH WORD FACTORS AFFECTING REQUIREMENT: 1) THE AVAILABILITY, 2) ITS STABILITY IN FEED, 3) INTESTINAL SYNTHESIS, 4) ABSORBABILITY, 5) ITS DESTRUCTION IN GIT, 6) INTERFERENCE WITH METABOLIC ACTIVITY EG DICOUMAROL CHEMICAL NATURE: PHYLLOQUINONE: IN ALL GREEN LEAFY MATERIAL PRENYLMENAQUINONE: INTESTINAL MICROBIAL SYNTHESIS MENADIONE: SYNTHESIS

  20. VITAMIN K (PHYLLOQUINONE, PRENYLMENAQUINONE, MENADIONE 1.PLATELET FACTOR + PLASMA PROTEIN  PLASMA THROMOPLASTIN 2.PLASMA THROMBOPLASTIN + PROTHROMBIN + CONVERTIN  THROMBIN 3.FIBRINOGEN + THROMBINE  FIBRIN + PEPTIDE DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM: AVIAN SPECIES: HAEMORRHAGES RUMINANT: SWEET CLOVER POISONING

  21. VITAMIN K (PHYLLOQUINONE, PRENYLMENAQUINONE, MENADIONE

  22. VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID 1928 SZENT GYORGYI: ORANGE JUICE, CABBAGE JUICE, ADRENAL CORTEX HEXURONIC ACID MAN, MONKEY, FRUIT BAT, GUINEA PIG: DIETARY SOURCE

  23. VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION: 1)COLLAGEN FORMATION, 2) CONVERTION FOLIC ACID INTO TETRA- HYDROFOLIC ACID (ACTIVE), 3) INVOLVED IN HYDROXYLATION OF PROLINE, LYSINE, AND ANILINE FOR NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ANIMAL, 4) AIDS IRON TO STAY IN REDUCED STATE DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM: SCURVY, WEAKNESS, SWOLLEN TENDOR JOINT, DELAYED HEALING OF WOUND. HAEMORRHAGIC GUMS

  24. VITAMIN B1 (THIAMINE, ANEURINE) EIJKMANN – BATAVIA – POLYNEURITIS 1926 JANSEN AND DONATH: PURE FORM 1936 WILLIAMS: IDENTIFICATION OF THE STRUCTURE AND SYNTHESIS CHEMISTRY OF THIAMINE: PYRIMIDINE AND THIAZOLE RING HYDROXYL GROUP EASILY FORM ESTER WITH PHOSPHORUS OF ATP  TPP

  25. VITAMIN B1 (THIAMINE, ANEURINE) DEFICIENCY DISEASES: NUMBNESS OF THE LEGS—PAIN IN THE CALF MUSCLE— SEVERE EXHAUSTION—EMACIATITON—PARALYSIS DIFFICULTY IN BREATHING, ENLARGEMENT OF THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART—DECREASE HEART BEAT PERIPHERAL NEURITIS—CONTRACTION OF THE FEET AND SEVERE WEAKNESS OF THE WRISTS THE BRAIN MAY BE AFFECTED—CEREBRAL BERIBERI POLYNEURITIS (UNTHRIFITINESS—PARALYSIS—CONVULSION) BIRDS:CHARACTERISTIC PARALYSIS OF THE NECK MUSCLE— STAR-GAZING ATTITUDE PIRUVATE – LACK OF COCARBOXYLASE – LACTIC ACID

  26. VITAMIN B1 (THIAMINE, ANEURINE) BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION: THIAMINE, IN THE FORM OF THIAMINE DIPHOSPHATE (THIAMINE PYROPHOSPHATE—TPP) IS THE COENZYME FOR DECARBOXYLATION OF KETO ACID SOURCES: YEAST, GRAINS, EGG YOLK, LIVER, KIDNEY

  27. VITAMIN B2 (RIBOFLAVIN) IN THE EARLY DAYS, IT WAS BELIEVED THAT THE ANTIBERIBERI FACTOR REPRESENTED A SINGLE VITAMIN AFTER THIAMINE WAS ISOLATED, IT BECAME CLEAR THAT AT LEAST TWO FACTORS WERE INVOLVED, A HEAT LABILE (TRUE ANTIBERIBERI VITAMIN) AND HEAT STABLE (RAT GROWTH). THE LATER FOR SOMETIME WAS THOUGHT TO BE ONLY ONE SUBSTANCE—VITAMIN B2 (GREAT BRITAIN)—VITAMIN G (US)—LATER IDENTIFIED AS RIBOFLAVIN, PYRIDOXIN, NICOTINIC ACID AND PANTOTHENIC ACID) EGG WHITEOVOFLAVIN MILKLACTOFLAVIN LIVER HEPATOFLAVIN RIBOFLAVIN— DIMETHYL-ISOALLOXAZINE AND RIBOSE

  28. VITAMIN B2 (RIBOFLAVIN) RIBOFLAVIN: PROSTHETIC PART OF SOME ENZYME (CYTOCHROME REDUCTASE, DIAPHORASE, XANTHINE OXIDASE, L/D AA OXIDASE, HISTAMINASE etc—OXIDATION REDUCTION IN CELL RESPIRATION (ESSENTIAL ENZYME FOR GROWTH AND TISSUE REPAIR DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS: CHEILOSIS, SOMATITIS, GLOSITIS, DERMATITIS, CURLED TOE PARALYSIS SOURCES: WIDELY DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE PLANT AND ANIMAL KINGDOM. MILK, LIVER, KIDNEY, HEART ARE EXCELLENT SOURCES ANAEROBIC FERMENTING BACTERIA VERY RICH SOURCES

  29. NIACIN AND NIACINAMIDE FORMERLY: NICOTINIC ACID and NICOTINIC ACID AMID 1914 FUNK: ISOLATED FROM RICE POLISHING 1935 WARBURG and CHRISTIAN: COMPONENT OF NADP 1938 ELVEHJEM et al.:NIACINAMIDE ISOLATED FROM LIVER WAS ABLE TO CURE BLACK TONGUE IN DOGS NIACIN: PELAGRA-PREVENTIVE FACTOR CHEMICAL NATURE:

  30. NIACIN AND NIACINAMIDE BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION: COMPONENT OF 2 COENZYMES: 1)DPN ( or COENZYME I, NAD) 2)TPN (or COENZYME II = NADP) PRIMARY ACTION OF THESE TWO COENZYMES IS TO REMOVE HYDROGEN FROM SUBSTRATE AS DEHYDROGENASE ENZYMES AND TRANSFER HYDROGEN TO ANOTHER SUBSTRATE DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM: BLACK TONGUE (FOWLS) PELLAGRA ( SLOW GROWTH, POOR HAIR & SKIN CONDITION, VOMITING, DIARRHOEA, TICKENING OF LARGE INTESTINE, HIGH WHITE CELL COUNT IN BLOOD

  31. NIACIN AND NIACINAMIDE SOURCES: GOOD SOURCE: YEAST, LEAN MEAT, LIVER, POULTRY MEDIUM SOURCE: MILK , TOMATOE, GREEN LEAVE TRYPTOPHANNIACIN (60 mg1mg)

  32. PYRIDOXINE (VIT B6, ADERMIN, VIT H) 1934 GYORGY: PART OF VIT B COMPLEX RESPONSIBLE FOR DERMATITIS IN RATSCALINESS OF PAW AND MOUTH 1938 KERESTEZY: ISOLATION AND SYNTHESIS 1945: PYRIDOXAL AND PYRIDOXAMINE METABOLIC FUNCTION: COENZYMES FOR DECARBOXYLATION, DEAMINATION OF SERINE AND THREONINE, TRANSAMINATION, TRANSULFURATION, DESULFURATION OF CYSTEINE DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM: CHICK: CONVULSION HEN: REDUCE EGG PROD AND HATCHABILITY PIG: ANOREXIA, ROUGHNESS OF HAIR, GOOSE STEP, CONVULSION SOURCES: YEAST, MAIZE, WHEAT, MILK, EGG, GREEN LEAF

  33. PYRIDOXINE (VIT B6, ADERMIN, VIT H)

  34. PANTOTHENIC ACID PURIFIED FROM LIVER AND YEAST ALONG WITH PYRIDOXINE ADSORPTION CHROMATOGRAPHYPYRIDOXINE FILTRATE PANTOTHENIC ACID 1938 WILLIAMS: ISOLATED 1940 MERK & Co: SYNTHESIZED CHEMICAL NATURE: CONDENSATION PRODUCT OF ALANINE AND PANTOIC ACID (OH AND CH3 SUBSTITUTED BUTYRIC ACID)

  35. PANTOTHENIC ACID BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION: PROSTETIC GROUP OF Co A (REVERSIBLE ACETYLATION REACTION ON CH, FAT, and AA METABOLISM FUNDAMENTAL IMPORTANCE IN THE METABOLISM OF ALL CELLS DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM: AFFECT MAINLY ON 3 TISSUES: 1) NERVE (LESION AND DEMYELINATION, 2) ADRENAL GLAND (CoA IS PRECURSOR OF CHOLESTEROLSTEROID HORMON, 3) SKINDERMATITIS IN CHICK: RETARDED GROWTH, DERMATITIS, FATTY LIVER CONDITION, SUBCUTANEOUS HAEMORRHAGE, “GOOSE STEP WALK” SOURCES: GOOD:EGG YOLK, KIDNEY, LIVER, YEAST FAIR: SKIMMED MILK, SWEET POTATOE, MOLASSES

  36. FOLIC ACID (FOLACIN) 1931 WILLS: MACROCYTIC ANEMIA OF PREGNANT WOMAN IN BOMBAY NAMES PREVIOUSLY APPLIED: VIT M (haematopoetic factor for monkey), VIT B6 (chick growth factor), FACTOR R (bacterial growth factor), and VIT B10, VIT B11 THE NAME FOLIC ACID WAS PROPOSED BY MITCHELL, 1941 FOR A COMPOUND ISOLATED FROM SPINACH NECESSARY FOR GROWTH OF Streptococcus faecalis R

  37. FOLIC ACID (FOLACIN) BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION: CARRIER FOR SINGLE CARBON GROUP EITHER FORMYL (-CHO), FORMATE (H.COOH), OR HYDROXYMETHYL (-CH2OH)

  38. FOLIC ACID (FOLACIN) DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM: PIG: MACROCYTIC ANEMIA, LIPOPENIA CHICK: POOR GROWTH, POOR FEATHERING, DEPIGMENTATION, ANEMIC, PEROSIS

  39. VITAMIN B12 (CYANOCOBALAMIN) 1926 MINOT and MURPHY: EFFICACY OF LIVER IN THE TRATMENT OF PERNICIOUS ANEMIA 1948 RICKES (US) and PARKER (ENGLAND): ISOLATED VIT B12ANIMAL PROTEIN FACTOR CHEMICAL NATURE: CYANIDE GROUP COULD BE REPLACED BY A VARIETY OF ANION eg HYDROXYL (HYDROXY COBALAMIN/B12a), NITRITE (NITROCOBA- LAMIN/B12c) METABOLIC FUNCTION: METABOLISM OF ONE CARBON GROUP CONVERSION OF RIBOSE TO DEOXYRIBOSE ERYTHROCYTE PRODUCTION

  40. BIOTIN RAT FED RAW EGG WHITE DEVELOPED ECZEMA-LIKE DERMATITIS 1942 DUVIGNEAUD PUBLISHED ITS STRUCTURE 1943 HARRIS SYNTHESIS d-BIOTIN BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION: COENZYME FOR CARBOXYLASES, WHICH CATALYZE CO2 FIXATION Or CARBOXYLATION, eg ACETYL-CoA CARBOXYLASE WHICH CATALYZE THE REACTION OF CARBOXYLATION IN THE FIRST STEP OF NON-MITOCONDRIAL PATHWAY FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS DEFICIENCY: SCALY DERMATITIS, ANOREXIA SOURCE: ROYAL JELLY, LIVER, YEAST, MOLASSES, PEANUT

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