Learning Objectives :

1. Learning Objectives: • Use the REDRAW and REGEN commands. • Use the ZOOM command and its options. • Understand the PAN and VIEW commands. • Understand the use of the Aerial View window. • Draw text using the TEXT command. • Create paragraph text using the MTEXT command. • Edit text using the DDEDIT command. • Use the PROPERTIES palette to change the properties of the text. • Substitute fonts and specify alternate default fonts. • Create text styles using the STYLE command. • Determine text height. • Check spellings and find and replace text.

2. REDRAWING THE SCREEN The REDRAW command (figure) redraws the screen and is used to remove the small cross marks (blips) that appear when a point is specified on the screen when BLIPMODE is set to on. The REDRAW command affects only the current viewport. If you have more than one viewport you can use the REDRAWALL command to redraw all the viewports. Redraw in the View menu is the REDRAWALL command. Invoking the REDRAW command from the View menu Learning Objectives

3. REGENERATING THE DRAWINGS The REGEN command makes AutoCAD regenerate the entire drawing to update it. The need for regeneration usually occurs when you change certain aspects of the drawing. All the objects in the drawing are recalculated and redrawn in the current viewport. One of the advantages of this command is that the drawing is refined by smoothing out circles and arcs. To use this command, enter REGEN at the Command prompt. AutoCAD displays the message Regenerating model while it regenerates the drawing. The REGEN command affects only the current viewport. If you have more than one viewport, you can use the REGENALL command to regenerate all the viewports. The REGEN command can be aborted by pressing ESC. This saves time if you are going to use another command that causes automatic regeneration. Learning Objectives

4. ZOOMING THE DRAWINGS This command enlarges or reduces the view of the drawing on the screen, but it does not affect the actual size of the objects. The Zoom command (figure a) can be invoked from the shortcut menu by right-clicking in the drawing area and choosing zoom from the menu (figure b). Figure (b) Invoking the Zoom command from the shortcut menu, when in the LINE command Figure (a) Selecting Zoom options from the Zoom toolbar Learning Objectives

5. Zoom command has several options and can be used in a number of ways. Realtime Zooming All Option Center Option Extents Option Dynamic Option Previous Option Window Option Scale Option Learning Objectives

6. Realtime Zooming You can use the Realtime Zoom to zoom in and zoom out interactively. To zoom in, invoke the command, then hold the pick button down and move the cursor up. All Option This option of the ZOOM command adjusts the display area on the basis of the drawing limits (figure a) or extents of the object, whichever is greater. Even if the objects are not within the limits, they are still included in the display. Hence, with the help of the All option, you can view the entire drawing in the current viewport (figure b). Learning Objectives ZOOM Options Figure (a) Figure (b)

7. Center Option This option lets you define a new display window by specifying its center point (figures a and b) and the magnification or height (figure c). Figure (a) Drawing before using the option Figure (b) Drawing after using the ZOOMCenter option Figure (c) Drawing after using the ZOOMCenter option Learning Objectives ZOOM Options

8. Extents Option As the name indicates, this option lets you zoom to the extents of the biggest object in the drawing. The extents of the drawing comprise the area that has the drawings in it. The rest of the empty area is neglected. With this option, all the objects in the drawing are magnified to the largest possible display (figure). The ZOOMExtents option Learning Objectives ZOOM Options

9. Dynamic Option This option displays the portion of the drawing that you have already specified. You can then specify the area you want to be displayed by manipulating a view box representing your viewport. When you have the view box in the proper position and size, the current viewport is cleared by AutoCAD and a special view selection screen is displayed. This special screen comprises information regarding the current view as well as available views. In a color display, the different viewing windows are very easy to distinguish because of their different colors. Blue dashed box representing drawing extents Green dashed box representing the current view Panning view box (X in the center) Zooming view box (arrow on the right side) Learning Objectives ZOOM Options

10. Blue dashed box representing drawing extents Drawing extents are represented by a dashed blue box (figure), which constitutes the larger of the drawing limits or the actual area occupied by the drawing. Green dashed box representing the current view Box representing drawing extents A green dashed box is formed to represent the area that the current viewport comprises when the Dynamic option of the ZOOM command is invoked (figure). Representation of the current view Dynamic Option Learning Objectives

11. Panning view box (X in the center) A view box initially of the same size as the current view box is displayed with an X in the center (figure). You can move this box with the help of your pointing device. This box, known as the panning view box, helps you to find the center point of the zoomed display you want. When you have found the center, you press the pick button to make the zooming view box appear. The panning view box Zooming view box (arrow on the right side) After you press the pick button in the center of the panning view box, the X in the center of the view box is replaced by an arrow pointing to the right edge of the box. This zooming view box (figure) indicates the ZOOM mode. Dynamic Option Learning Objectives The zooming view box

12. Previous Option While working on a complex drawing, you may need to zoom in on a portion of the drawing to edit some minute details. Once the editing is over you may want to return to the previous view. This can be done using the Previous option of the ZOOM command. Window Option This is the most commonly used option of the ZOOM command. It lets you specify the area you want to zoom in on, by letting you specify two opposite corners of a rectangular window. The center of the specified window becomes the center of the new display screen. Learning Objectives ZOOM Options

13. Scale Option The Scale option of the ZOOM command is a very versatile option. It can be used in the following ways. Scale: Relative to full view This option of the ZOOM command lets you magnify or reduce the size of a drawing according to a scale factor figure (a). In figure (b), the image size decreased because the scale factor is less than 1. Figure (a) Figure (b) Learning Objectives ZOOM Options

14. Scale: Relative to current view The second way to scale is with respect to the current view (figure). The following example increases the display magnification by a factor of 2 relative to its current value (figure). Drawing before ZoomScale (X) option Drawing after ZoomScale (X) option Learning Objectives Scale Options

15. Scale: Relative to paper space units The third method of scaling is with respect to paper space. You can use paper space in a variety of ways and for various reasons. For example, you can array and plot various views of your model in paper space. To scale each view relative to paper space units, you can use the ZOOMXP option. Each view can have an individual scale. The drawing view can be at any scale of your choice in a model space viewport. For example, to display a model space at one-fourth (¼) the size of the paper space units. Learning Objectives Scale Options

16. Zoom In and Out You can also zoom into the drawing using the In option, which doubles the image size. Similarly, you can use the Out option to decrease the size of the image by half. To invoke these options from the command line, enter ZOOM 2X for the In option or ZOOM .5X for the Out option at the Command prompt. The center of the screen is taken as the reference point for enlarging or reducing the view of the drawing. Learning Objectives

17. PANNING THE DRAWINGS The PAN command allows you to bring into view portions of the drawing that are outside the display area of the current viewport. This is done without changing the magnification of the drawing. Panning in Realtime You can use the RealtimePan to pan the drawing interactively. For the PAN command, there are various options that can be used to pan the drawing in a particular direction. These items can be invoked only from the menu (figure). Invoking the PAN command options from the View menu Learning Objectives

18. Point Left In this option you are required to specify the displacement. Moves the drawing left so that some of the right portion of the drawing is brought into view. Right Up Moves the drawing right so that some of the left portion of the drawing is brought into view. Moves the drawing up so that some of the bottom portion of the drawing is brought into view. Down Moves the drawing down so that some of the top portion of the drawing is brought into view. Panning Realtime Learning Objectives

19. Current View Set Current New Details CREATING VIEWS You can store the view under a name and restore the view using the name you have given it. Choose the NamedViews button available on the View toolbar (figure a) to invoke the View dialog box (figure b). Invoking NamedViews from the View toolbar View Dialog Box You can save and restore the views from the View dialog box (figure). The following are the various options in the NamedViews tab of the View dialog box. Learning Objectives Figure (b) View dialog box

20. Current View The View list box displays a list of the named views in the drawing. The list appears with the names of all saved views and the space in which each was defined. New The New button allows you to create a new view and save it by giving it a name. When you choose the New button, the NewView dialog box is displayed as shown in figure. Set Current The Set Current button allows you to replace the current viewport by the view you specify. New View dialog box Details You can also see the description of the general parameters of a view by selecting the particular view and then choosing the Details button. View Dialog Box Learning Objectives

21. Using the Command prompt You can also use the -VIEW command to work with views at the Command prompt. Command: -VIEW« Enter an option [?/Orthographic/Delete/Restore/Save/Ucs/Window]: You can use the various options to save, restore, delete, or list the views. If you try to restore a Model space while working in Paper space, AutoCAD automatically switches to floating model space. In this case AutoCAD will prompt you further as follows. Enter view name to restore: Select viewport for restoring Creating Views Learning Objectives

22. AERIAL VIEW The Aerial View window, can be used to view the entire drawing and select those portions you want to quickly zoom or pan. You can keep the AerialView window open as you work on the graphics screen, or minimize it so that it stays on the screen as a button which can be restored when required (figure). The AerialView window can also be invoked when you are in the midst of any command other than the DVIEW command. The AerialView window has two menus, View and Options. It also has a toolbar containing zoom in, zoom out, and zoom global options. AutoCAD graphics screen with the AerialView window Learning Objectives

23. The following is a description of the available options in the AerialView. Toolbar Buttons The AerialView window has three buttons: Zoom In, ZoomOut, and Global figure. Zoom In This option leads to magnification by a factor of 2 centered on the current view box. Zoom Out This option leads to reduction by half centered on the current view box. AerialView window Global The Global option displays the complete drawing in the AerialView window. Learning Objectives Aerial View

24. Menus The menus available in the menu title bar are View and Options. The View menu contains Zoom In, Zoom Out, and Global options, which are the same as their respective buttons in the toolbar. The Options menu has the following options. Auto Viewport Dynamic Update When you are working with viewports, you may need to change the view in the AerialView window to display the current viewport view. When you make any changes in the current drawing, the view box is updated simultaneously in the Aerial View window if you have selected the Dynamic Update option. Realtime Zoom If on, this option updates the drawing area when you are zooming in the Aerial View window in realtime. Learning Objectives Aerial View

25. Specify start point of text or [Justify/Style]: Specify the start point. Specify height <current>: Specify height Specify rotation angle of text <0>:« Enter text:Enter first line of the text. Enter text: « CREATING TEXT In manual drafting, lettering is accomplished by hand using a lettering device, pen, or pencil. This is a very time-consuming and tedious job. Computer-aided drafting has made this process extremely simple. In this section, you will learn how text can be added in a drawing by using TEXT and MTEXT commands. • CREATING SINGLE LINE TEXT The TEXT command displays a line in the drawing area where you specified the start point after entering the height and the rotation angle. The prompt sequence that follows when you choose this command is as follows. Learning Objectives

26. Specify height <default>: Specify rotation angle of text <default>: Enter text : Start Point Option This is the default and the most commonly used option in the TEXTcommand. The prompt sequence is as follows. The Specify height prompt determines the distance by which the text extends above the baseline, measured by the capital letters. The Specify rotation angle of text prompt determines the angle at which the text line will be drawn. The default value of the rotation angle is 0 degrees(3 o’clock, or east). At Enter text:prompt, enter the text string. Spaces are allowed between words. Single Line Text Learning Objectives

27. JustifyOption AutoCAD offers different options to align the text. Alignmentrefers to the layout of the text. The main text alignment modes are left, center, and right. You can align a text using a combination of modes; for example, top/middle/baseline/bottom and left/center/right as shown in figure. Toprefers to the line along which lie the top points of the capital letters; Baseline refers to the line along which lie their bases. Letters with descenders (such as p, g, y) dip below the baseline to the bottom. Text alignment positions Single Line Text Learning Objectives

28. The different alignment options are as follows. Align option. In this option the text string is written between two points. The two points may be specified horizontally or at an angle. Fit Option. In this case you select the text height, and it does not vary according to the distance between the two points. Center Option. You can use this option to select the midpoint of the baseline for the text. Middle Option. Using this option you can specify the middle point of the text string. Writing the text usingAlign, Fit, Center, andMiddleoptions Justify Option Learning Objectives

29. Right Option. This option is similar to the default left-justified Start point option. The only difference is that the text string is aligned with the lower right corner (the endpoint you specify); that is, the text is right-justified. TL Option. In this option the text string is justified from the top left. Writing text using the Right, Top-Left, Top-Center, and Top-Right options Justify Option Learning Objectives

30. Style Option With this option you can specify another existing text style. Different text styles can have different text fonts, heights, obliquing angles, and other features. This option can be invoked by entering TEXTand then S at the next prompt. Single Line Text Learning Objectives

31. DRAWING SPECIAL CHARACTERS In almost all drafting applications, you need to draw special characters (symbols) in the normal text and in the dimension text. For example, you may want to draw the degree symbol (º) or the diameter symbol (ø), or you may want to underscore or over score some text. This can be achieved with the appropriate sequence of control characters (control code). For each symbol, the control sequence starts with a percent sign written twice (%%). The character immediately following the double percent sign depicts the symbol. The control sequences for some of the symbols are: Control sequenceSpecial character%%c Diameter symbol () %%d Degree symbol () %%p Plus/minus tolerance symbol () %%o Toggle for over score mode on/off %%u Toggle for underscore mode on/off %%% Single percent sign (%) Learning Objectives

32. CREATING MULTILINE TEXT* You can use the MTEXT command (figure) to write a multiline text whose width can be specified by defining two corners of the text boundary or by entering a width, using coordinate entry. The text created by the MTEXT command is a single object regardless of the number of lines it contains. Invoking MultilineText from the Draw toolbar Once you have defined the boundary of the paragraph text, AutoCAD displays the MultilineTextEditor as shown in figure.The MultilineTextEditor consists of the Textformatting toolbar, Textwindow (with a ruler at the top), and shortcutmenu. MultilineText Editor Learning Objectives

33. The following is the description of the options available in the Textformatting toolbar and the shortcutmenu. Text Formatting Toolbar The options provided under this toolbar are as follows. Style The Style drop-down list is the first drop-down list available on the left of the TextFormatting toolbar. Font The Font drop-down list displays all the fonts available in AutoCAD. You can select the desired font from this drop-down list, see figure. Font drop-down list Multiline Text Learning Objectives

34. Text Height Bold, Italic, Underline You can use the appropriate tool buttons located on the text box to make the selected text boldface, or italics, or create underlined text. These three buttons toggle between on and off. The TextHeight edit box is used to specify the text height of the multiline text. Remember that the MTEXT height does not affect the size specified for the TEXT command. Undo Redo The Undo button allows you to undo the actions in the MultilineTextEditor. You can also press the CTRL+Z keys to undo the previous actions. The Redo button allows you to redo the actions in the MultilineTextEditor. You can also press the CTRL+Y keys to redo the previous actions. Text Formatting Toolbar Learning Objectives

35. Stack The character / stacks the text vertically with a line, and the character ^ stacks the text vertically without a line (tolerance stack). The character # stacks the text with a diagonal line. After you enter the text with the required special character between them, select the text, and then select the Stack/Unstack button. If you enter two numbers separated by / or ^ and then press the Enter key, AutoCAD displays the AutoStackProperties dialog box (figure). AutoStackProperties dialog box Color The Color drop-down list is used to set the color for the multiline text. You can also select the color from the SelectColor dialog box that is displayed by selecting SelectColor in the drop-down list. Text Formatting Toolbar Learning Objectives

36. Text Window The Text window is used to enter the multiline text. The width of the active text area is determined by the width of the window that you specify when you invoke the MTEXT command. Shortcut Menu In the Text window, right-click to display the shortcut menu shown in figure. The shortcut menu provides various options to edit the multiline text. To edit the text, select it and then right-click. The shortcut menu is displayed. The Undo and the Redo options are used to undo or redo the last actions done in the MultilineTexteditor. The Cut and Copy options can be used to move or copy the text from the text editor to any other application. Similarly using the Paste option, you can paste text from any windows text-based application to the MultilineTextEditor. Shortcut menu Multiline Text Learning Objectives

37. Indentation Area Tab stop position Area The remaining options available in the shortcut menu are discussed next. Indents and Tabs The IndentsandTabs option allows you to set the indentation of the multiline text and the tab position. Note that as mentioned earlier, these options can also be set using the ruler and the sliders available on top of the drawing window. When you choose IndentsandTabs from the shortcut menu, the IndentsandTabs dialog box is displayed as shown in figure. Indents and Tabs dialog box Shortcut Menu Learning Objectives

38. Justification In large complicated technical drawings, the Justification option is used to fit the text matter along a particular width. This option is used to control the justification and alignment of the text paragraph. The various justifications are TL, ML, BL, TC, MC, BC, TR, MR, BR. figure shows various text justifications for multiline text. Find and Replace When you choose this option, the Replace dialog box is displayed as shown in figure. Text justifications for MTEXT (P1 is the text insertion point) Replace dialog box Shortcut Menu Learning Objectives

39. Select All This option is used to select the complete text entered in the Multiline Text Editor. Change Case This option is used to change the case of the selected text to uppercase or lowercase. AutoCAPS If you choose this option, the case of all the text written or imported after choosing this option will be changed to uppercase. Remove Formatting This option is used to remove the formatting such as bold, italics, or underline from the selected text. To use this option, select the text whose formatting you need to change and then right-click to display the shortcut menu. In the menu, choose the RemoveFormatting option. The formatting of the selected text will be removed. Shortcut Menu Learning Objectives

40. Combine Paragraphs This option is used to combine the selected paragraphs into a single paragraph. AutoCAD replaces the returns between all the paragraphs by a space. As a result, the lines in the resultant paragraph are in continuation. Stack The Stack option is used to stack the selected text if there are any stack characters (characters separated by /, #, or ^) available in the multiline text. Note that this option is available only if you select stack characters from the text. Unstack The Unstack option is used to unstack the selected stacked text. This option is available only if there are some stacked characters in the text. Shortcut Menu Learning Objectives

41. Text Area Default Appearance Area AutoStack Properties This option is available only when you select a stacked text. When you choose this option, the StackProperties dialog box is displayed as shown in figure. Symbol When you choose Symbol from the shortcut menu, a cascading menu appears that displays some predefined special characters. Stack Properties dialog box Import Text When you choose this option, AutoCAD displays the Select File dialog box. In this dialog box you can select any text file you want to import as the multiline text. Shortcut Menu Learning Objectives

42. Example 1 In this example you will use the MultilineTextEditor to write the following text on the screen. For long, complex entries, create multiline text using the MTEXT option. The angle is 10-degree. Diameter = 1/2” and Length = 32 1/2”. The font of the text is Swis721 BT, text height is 0.20, color red, and written at an angle of 10-degree with Middle-Left justification. Make the word “multiline” bold, underline the text “multiline text”, and make the word “angle” italic. The line spacing type and line spacing between the lines are At least and 1.5x respectively. Use the symbol for degrees and replace the word “option” with “command”. Learning Objectives

43. The first step is to choose theMultilineTextbutton from theDrawtoolbar. After invoking the command, specify thefirst corner on the screen to define the first corner of the paragraph text boundary. • Select Swis721 BT true type font from the Font drop-down list. • Enter 0.20 in the Text height edit box, if the value in this edit box is not 0.2. • Select Red from the Color drop-down list. • Now enter the text in the Multiline Text Editor as shown in figure. • Double-click on the word “multiline” to select it and then choose the Bold button to make it boldface. Multiline TextEditor • Highlight the word “text” and then select the Underline button to underline it. Learning Objectives Example 1

44. Highlight the word “angle” by double-clicking on it (or pick and drag to select the text) and then choose the Italic button. • Right-click on the text window and choose Justification > Middle Left from the shortcut menu. • Click at the start of the multiline to move the cursor to the start. Now, right-click on the text window and choose Find and Replace from the shortcut menu. • In the Findwhat edit box, enter option and in the Replacewith edit box, enter command. • Choose the FindNext button. AutoCAD finds the word “option” and highlights it as shown in figure. Choose the Replace button to replace option by command. Multiline Text Editor with the selected word highlighted Learning Objectives Example 1

45. Now, choose Cancel to close the Replace dialog box to return to the MultilineTextEditor. Choose the OK button to exit the MultilineTextEditor. The text is displayed on the screen as shown in figure. Multiline text for Example 1 Learning Objectives Example 1

46. Exercise 2 Draw the text on the screen as shown in figure (a) and figure (b). Use the special characters and text justification options shown in the drawing using the TEXT and MTEXT commands. The text height is 0.1 and 0.15 for figure (a) and figure (b) respectively. Figure (a) Figure (b) Learning Objectives

47. EDITING TEXT The contents of MTEXT and TEXT object can be edited by using the DDEDIT and PROPERTIES commands. You can also use the AutoCAD editing commands, such as MOVE, ERASE, ROTATE, COPY, MIRROR, and GRIPS with any text object. The various editing and modifying operations are discussed next. Editing Text Using DDEDIT Command You can use the DDEDIT command to edit the text. If you select TEXT object, AutoCAD displays the EditText dialog box as shown in figure in which the selected text is displayed in the Text edit box. Using the Edit Text dialog box to edit text Learning Objectives

48. Editing Text Using the PROPERTIES Palette Using the DDEDIT command with the text object, you can only change the text string and not its properties such as the height, angle, and so on. In this case, you can use the PROPERTIES palette for changing the properties. Select the text and choose the Properties button in the Standard toolbar. AutoCAD displays the PROPERTIES palette with all the properties of the selected text as shown in figure. PROPERTIES palette Learning Objectives Editing Text

49. Match object You can use the Match object option to select an existing text whose height will be used to scale the selected text. Scale factor You can use the Scale factor option to specify a scale factor to scale the text. You can also use the Reference option to specify the scale factor for the text. Learning Objectives PROPERTIES Palette

50. Modifying the Justification of the Text You can modify the justification of the text using the Justify Text button in the Text toolbar. Note that even after modifying the justification using this command, the location of the text is not changed. Learning Objectives Editing Text