Bacteria & Marine Algae 2013

1. Bacteria & Marine Algae2013

2. Prokaryotes • Smallest, simplest, oldest forms of life • Shared traits • Cell wall, cell membrane, no nucleus, circular DNA • Include domains Bacteria and Archaea

3. Autotrophs (Plants & Plant-Like Organisms • All are Primary Producers • Photosynthesis • Photoautotrophs • Converts light energy to sugars • Chemosynthesis • Chemoautotrophs • Converts inorganic chemicals (like H2S) to sugars

4. Heterotrophs • Most marine bacteria are heterotrophs • Must consume food • Many are decomposers

5. 3 domains, 6 kingdoms • 1. Bacteria • Eubacteria • 2. Archae • Archaebacteria • 3. Eukarya • Protista- Algae • Plantae-plants • Fungi • Animalia-inverts & verts

6. What are we going to discuss? • Domain Eubacteria • Kingdom Eubacteria • Phylum Cyanophyta - cyanobacteria • Domain Archae-extreme bacteria • Due to location (cold, hydrothermal vents, hot springs, etc.) • Domain Eukarya • Kingdom Protista • Plant – like protist • 1. Phylum Bacillariophyta - diatoms • 2. Phylum Pyrrophyta- dinoflagellates • 3. Phylum Sarcodina- foraminiferans & radiolarians • 4. Phylum Chlorophyta - benthic green algae • 5. Phylum Rhodophyta - benthic red algae • 6. Phylum Heterokontophyta; Class Phaeophyta - benthic brown algae

7. Prokaryotes: Archae & Bacteria • Former kingdom Monera broken up into • 2 domains • Domain Arachaea • Kingdom: archaeabacteria • Domain Bacteria • Kingdom: eubacteria

8. Domain Archaea • Similar to oldest known fossils • Extremophiles- live in extreme conditions that are inhospitable to most life • Deep hydrothermal vents • High salinity pools • High acidic environments • Around volcanoes • Chemosynthesis • Convert chemicals into food for energy

9. Domain Bacteria • “True” bacteria • Cell Wall, no nucleus • Different Shapes/sizes • Roles: • Many perform essential task of recycling nutrients • Nitrogen fixation • Phylum Cyanophytes • Greek kyan - dark blue Fig 1. Streptococci bacteria- strep throat Fig 3. marine bacteria on agar plate Fig 3. Ecoli bacteria

10. Cyanobacteria • Common name: cyanobacteria or Blue-green algae • Note: they are notalgae; but bacteria • Photosynthetic bacteria • Contain chloroplast (unlike other bacteria) • Therefore, help to create the O2 in the atmosphere • Stromatolites are calcareous fossil mounds formed by them • Tolerate a wide range of temps & salinities

11. Stromatolites

12. Cyanobacteria blooms • Potential for public health threat due to their presence in drinking and recreational waters.  • Exposure to the toxins can cause rashes and allergies to liver damage • Toxins listed by EPA • Collect data on occurrence of blooms & health effects

13. Symbiotic Bacteria • Some are now essential to larger organisms • Examples • Chloroplasts & mitochondria • Bioluminescence • Tetrodotoxin in puffers

14. Green Monster Video • Do you remember when the st johns river turned green??

15. Domain Eukarya Kingdom: Protista What is a Protist? Algae are not plants No leaves, stems or roots Simpler reproductive structures Can Perform photosynthesis, “Catch all” category Quiet diverse & not necessarily related Three major classes of protists Animal-like protists Plant-like protists Fungus-like protists

16. Marine Micro-Algae Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista Plant – like protist 1. Phylum Bacillariophyta - diatoms 2. Phylum Pyrrophyta- dinoflagellates 3. Phylum Sarcodina- foraminiferans & radiolarians 4. Phylum Chlorophyta - benthic green algae 5. Phylum Rhodophyta - benthic red algae 6. Phylum Heterokontophyta; Class Phaeophyta - benthic brown algae (i.e. kelp)

17. Diatoms • Enclosed by two SiO2 (glass) walls (protection) • Circular or pennate • Very important in temperate & polar oceans • Photosynthesize • Dormant in winter (low light levels) • Spring (increase light) • reproduce rapidly • Harmful Algae Blooms (HAB’s) • Some cause toxins; affects fish & seafood industry

18. Dead Diatoms • Silica-based shells become a part of the siliceous ooze (biogenoussediment) • Diatomaceous earth is widely used

19. Domoic Acid • Produced by a pennate diatom • Bioaccumulates • Causes a drunken effect in marine mammals and seabirds • Algal blooms are associated with the phenomenon of Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). • In marine mammals, domoic acid typically causes seizures and tremors

20. Dinoflagellates • 2nd most productive group of primary producers • Have 2 flagella for motility • Slightly larger than diatoms • Often have a cellulose covering • Ex: Noctiluca • Capable of bioluminescence- emit light • Many are photosynthetic & heterotrophic

21. Dinoflagellates podcast • http://education.eol.org/podcast/dinoflagellates

22. Bioluminescence • Emission of light • Greek: • Bio- life; Lumen- light • Chemical reaction where chemical energy is converted to light energy • (think breaking a glow stick) • Used for: • attract prey & mates; catch food, confuse predators • occurs in • Bacteria, fish, squid, jelly fish • fireflies & glow worms

23. Bahia Fosforescente Phosphorescent Bay, Puerto Rico Unusual concentration of Pyrodinium bahamense Geography allows for high density

24. Zooxanthellae Dinoflagellate with a mutualistic relationship with corals Up to 90% of sugars from psn is transferred to the coral Coral Reefs provide a protected environment & products needed for photosynthesis Without zooxanthellae, coral lose pigmentation & will die

25. Dinoflagellates & The Red Tide • Harmful Algae Bloom (HAB’s) • In Florida- spp is Karenia brevis. • produces a toxin that affects the central nervous system of fish. • Water can be red, greenish, brownish, purple, or even normal colorless. • Bioaccumulation • shellfish or fish, into food chains. • Seafood poisoning

26. Foraminiferans • Have a shell made of CaCO3 • Pseudopodia help transfer food • Contribute to reef and beach structure & oozes • Fossils are important indicators of past climate

27. Plankton Types • Phytoplankton • All photosynthesize • Main producers in the ocean • Ex: diatoms, dinoflagellates

28. Plankton Types • Zooplankton (animal-like) • Holoplankton: permanently plankton • Ex: copepods, forams, radiolarians, jellies • Meroplankton: temporarily planktonic • Larval crabs, oysters, urchins, etc.

29. Marine Macro-algae Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista Plant – like protist 1. Phylum Bacillariophyta - diatoms 2. Phylum Pyrrophyta- dinoflagellates 3. Phylum Sarcodina- foraminiferans & radiolarians 4. Phylum Chlorophyta - benthic green algae 5. Phylum Rhodophyta - benthic red algae 6. Phylum Heterokontophyta; Class Phaeophyta - benthic brown algae

30. Seaweeds • AKA macroalgae • All are multicellular • Show a wide range of forms • ARE NOT PLANTS! • Pigments are the easiest way to classify them • 3 types of seaweeds • Green algae (Phylum Chlorophyta) • Red algae (Phylum Rhodophyta) • Brown algae (Phylum Phaeophyta)

31. Seaweed Structure • Stipe • Stem-like structure for support • Holdfast • Looks like roots – attaches algae to the bottom • Does not absorb water or nutrients

32. Seaweed Structure • Blades • Leaf-like flattened portions • Main site of photosynthesis • Pneumatocysts • Gas-filled bladders • Keep blades close to the surface

33. Types of Seaweeds • Green Algae • Phylum Chlorophyta • Same pigment & food reserve as plants (chlorophyll and starch) • Land plants may have evolved from greens

34. Examples of Green Algae Enteromorpha Ulva (sea lettuce) Valdonia

35. Examples of Green Algae Caulerpa Dead Man’s Fingers Halimeda

36. Types of Seaweeds • Brown Algae • Phylum Phaeophyta • Brownish because of yellow-brown pigments • Common on rocky coasts • Ex: • Kelp forest- • Located: cali, mediterranean, & NZ • Sargasso Sea • large amts of sargassum found there

37. Examples of Brown Algae Ectocarpus Sargassum* Padina

38. Brown Alga: Kelps Largest and most complex Found below low-tide level Provide food and shelter for many

39. Kelp Varieties • Laminaria • Postelsia • Bull Kelp • Macrocystis (largest) • Up to 330 feet; can grow 0.5 m per day

40. Otters & Urchins & Kelp Oh My • Otters eat urchins & live in/near kelp forests • No otters, no kelp • Why? • Otters are the keystone spp in this ecosystem

41. Otters & Urchins & Kelp Oh My • A new twist in the story… • Killer whales have been eating otters – something that is usually a mere snack • Why?

42. Types of Seaweeds • Red Algae • Phylum Rhodophyta • Red because of pigments (phycobolins) • Shallow water • Some are parasitic • Most are filamentous • Used for food & more • Provides cement in the a coral reef wall • in turn holding the reef structure together

43. Examples of Red Algae • Gracilaria • Porphyra • Irish Moss (Chondrus) • Coralline algae • Deposit CaCO3 in cells

44. Economic Importance • Food Source • Mariculture is big in Asia • Produce phycocolloids(gels) • Algin, Carrageenan, Agar • Used as stabilizers in dairy products, thickener in health & beauty products and to grow bacteria cultures

45. Seaweeds for Gourmets Salads Laverbread Nori Wakame Tea & Candy

46. Videos on algae • Man vs Wild: pros & cons of algae (2 min) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kExtcWNignQ&feature=related • Harvesting (Maine) (4 min) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C69TOYVjjpM • Harvesting Irish Moss (30 sec) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQH42iyJ7es • Sea Vegetables (1 min) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=88Ij0FIxJ-U