What is the cost of Progress?

1. What is the cost of Progress? Progressive Era US History Alameda High School

2. 1890-1920 • At home Unit: • Gilded Age & Progressive Response • Abroad: America Becomes a World Power • American Expansion • WWI

3. Gilded Age (What does gilded mean?) Immigration Industrialization Urbanization Politics (Lack of Laws/Regulation) Life: Education, Discrimination, Free Time So then…what was theProgressive response!

4. Progressives respond to conditions brought on by rapid Industrialization! • The Industrial Revolution was the second greatest shift in all of human history, following the agricultural revolution which occurred about 11,000 years ago. • Industrialization effected EVERYTHING about life, including urbanization (movement to cities) • Cities weren’t quite ready for the safe influx of people and living conditions were harsh • The separation between rich and poor was huge

5. Jacob Riis

6. Jacob Riis

7. Jacob Riis

8. Homework: Memorize the following vocabulary list for a pop quiz next week… • Gilded Age • Progressivism • Middle Class • Working Class • Robber Barons • Captains of Industry • Corruption • Muckraking • Social Darwinism • Gospel of wealth • Industrialism • Urbanization • Progress • Immigration • Labor unions • Party platform

9. Introductory Film • The Century: America’s Time

10. The American Industrial Revolution led to Gilded Age America • One of biggest shifts in human history, parelled to the agricultural revolution 12,000 years ago • America leading industrial producer by 1900 • Increased wages and job opportunities, but often terrible living & working conditions

11. PROGRESSIVES were CHALLENGING the conditions of the GILDED AGE

12. Take Notes…America in the Gilded Age

13. How did industry improve life? • Increased wage for industrial workers • More jobs available • White collar jobs increased and a new middle class emerged (though it was still small) • Cities grew quickly • America was leading in all industrial categories making the country wealthy

14. Big Business, Robber Barons & Social Darwinism • Corporations were new and this transformed capitalism • Robber Barons v. Captains of Industry…more jobs for workers, but often low pay and harsh working conditions • Social Darwinism: survival of fittest in gaining wealth • Social Gospel emerges as practice of wealthy John D. Rockefeller http://sparkmotive.blogspot.com/2008/04/john-d-rockefeller-american.html

15. Monopolies & Trusts • Corporate consolidation was new & common practice of 19th century • Monopolies: only one business dominates industry • Trust: separate companies under one managing board • This practice not regulated, and limited competition so they controlled price • Examples: Standard Oil Trust (Rockefeller) and Carnegie Steel (Andrew Carnegie)

16. POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE • As cities grew in the late 19th century, so did political machines • Political machines controlled the activities of a political party in a city • Ward bosses, precinct captains, and the city boss worked to ensure their candidate was elected

17. ROLE OF THE POLITICAL BOSS • The “Boss” (typically the mayor) controlled jobs, business licenses, and influenced the court system • Precinct captains and ward bosses were often 1st or 2nd generation immigrants so they helped immigrants with naturalization, jobs, and housing in exchange for votes Boss Tweed ran NYC

18. MUNICIPAL GRAFT AND SCANDAL • Some political bosses were corrupt • Some political machines used fake names and voted multiple times to ensure victory (“Vote early and often”) – called Election fraud • Graft (bribes) was common among political bosses • Construction contracts often resulted in “kick-backs” • The fact that police forces were hired by the boss prevented close scrutiny

19. THE TWEED RING SCANDAL William M. Tweed, known as Boss Tweed, became head of Tammany Hall, NYC’s powerful Democratic political machines Between 1869-1871, Tweed led the Tweed Ring, a group of corrupt politicians, in defrauding the city Tweed was indicted on 120 counts of fraud and extortion Tweed was sentenced to 12 years in jail – released after one, arrested again, and escaped to Spain Boss Tweed

20. CIVIL SERVICE REPLACES PATRONAGE • Nationally, some politicians pushed for reform in the hiring system • The system had been based on Patronage; giving jobs and favors to those who helped a candidate get elected • Reformers pushed for an adoption of a merit system of hiring the most qualified for jobs • The Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 authorized a bipartisan commission to make appointments for federal jobs based on performance Applicants for federal jobs are required to take a Civil Service Exam

21. The Worker in Industrial America • Job conditions harsh for many • While industrial wage rose, they still barely were a living wage • As a result, many times the entire family had to work which led to increase in child labor • With unions came better wages • No government regulation of working conditions often led to unsafe, unfair conditions for poor • Middle class nearly doubled, though still small Child Labor in Mines http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabor/dust.jpg

22. Organized Labor & Great Strikes • Unions were discouraged by bosses • Some industries did organize such as railroads and their wages and conditions improved • Strikes were a tool of unions, example is Pullman Strike of 1894 Pullman Strike, 1894 content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/...

23. Draw the following 4 characters in your notebook & answer the question… • HAS INDUSTRIALIZATION IMPROVED LIFE IN AMERICA???? • A factory owner • A factory worker • A union organizer • A Government official

24. In the West • The country was expanding • Farming was becoming more efficient and goods could move easily because of railroads • Populism was taking hold, seeking to align with urban progressives. They believed in: • Increased circulation of money • Unlimited minting of silver • A progressive income tax • Gov’t ownership of communication & transportation systems • Turner thesis and the closing of the frontier often led to xenophobia • Rural conditions looked different from urban centers of the east

25. Discrimination at the turn of the century was heavy… • Plessey v. Ferguson legalizes segregation of the races, Jim Crow laws big in South • Xenophobia (fear of immigrants) • While pubic education expanded, all people did not have equal access • Women • Immigrants & assimilation • View of minority education (Washington v. Dubois)booker.notebook

26. What was it like to live in a Gilded Age city? (1870-1900) (CH 8) • With industrialization came urbanization • Overcrowded and unsanitary conditions • Heavy pollution • No government assistance for poor • No labor regulations • No wage regulations • Xenophobia • Large waves of immigrants, esp from Eastern and southern Europe • UNSAFE! www.uen.org

27. Cities Grow… • 6 cities over ½ million by 1900 (up from 2) and 32 ¼ million (up from 7) • By 1920, over ½ of Americans lived in cities with 68 cities having over 100,000 people • Life was harsh, esp. for immigrants • Housing was slum like in tenements • No ventilation, sanitary system, sewage system, or garbage and no fire protection • City governments were corrupt

28. A Nation United? • NO! • Collection of political factions and machines • Ghettos, neighborhoods and ethnic enclaves • Extreme rich and poor all competing to realize THEIR “American” Dream! www.associatedcontent.com

29. IMMIGRANTS AND URBANIZATION AMERICA BECOMES A MELTING POT IN THE LATE 19TH & EARLY 20TH CENTURY

30. NEW IMMIGRANTS • Millions of immigrants entered the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries • Some came to escape difficult conditions, others known as “birds of passage” intended to stay only temporarily to earn money, and then return to their homeland

31. EUROPEANS • Between 1870 and 1920, about 20 million Europeans arrived in the United States • Before 1890, most were from western and northern Europe • After 1890, most came from southern and eastern Europe • All were looking for opportunity

32. CHINESE • Between 1851 and 1882, about 300,000 Chinese arrived on the West Coast • Some were attracted by the Gold Rush, others went to work for the railroads, farmed or worked as domestic servants • An anti-Chinese immigration act by Congress curtailed immigration after 1882 Many Chinese men worked for the railroads

33. JAPANESE • In 1884, the Japanese government allowed Hawaiian planters to recruit Japanese workers • The U.S. annexation of Hawaii in 1898 increased Japanese immigration to the west coast • By 1920, more than 200,000 Japanese lived on the west coast

34. THE WEST INDIES AND MEXICO • Between 1880 and 1920, about 260,000 immigrants arrived in the eastern and southeastern United States form the West Indies • They came from Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and other islands • Mexicans, too, immigrated to the U.S. to find work and flee political turmoil – 700,000 Mexicans arrived in the early 20th century

35. LIFE IN THE NEW LAND • In the late 19th century most immigrants arrived via boats • The trip from Europe took about a month, while it took about 3 weeks from Asia • The trip was arduous and many died along the way • Destination was Ellis Island for Europeans, and Angel Island for Asians

36. ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK • Ellis Island was the arrival point for European immigrants • They had to pass inspection at the immigration stations • Processing took hours, and the sick were sent home • Immigrants also had to show that they were not criminals, had some money ($25), and were able to work • From 1892-1924, 17 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island’s facilities

37. ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK HARBOR

38. ANGEL ISLAND WAS CONSIDERED MORE HARSH THAN ELLIS ISLAND

39. FRICTION DEVELOPS • While some immigrants tried to assimilate into American culture, others kept to themselves and created ethnic communities • Committed to their own culture, but also trying hard to become Americans, many came to think of themselves as Italian-Americans, Polish-Americans, Chinese-Americans, etc • Some native born Americans disliked the immigrants unfamiliar customs and languages – friction soon developed Chinatowns are found in many major cities

40. IMMIGRANT RESTRICTIONS • As immigration increased, so did anti-immigrant feelings among natives • Nativism (favoritism toward native-born Americans) led to anti-immigrant organizations and governmental restrictions against immigration • In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act which limited Chinese immigration until 1943 Anti-Asian feelings included restaurant boycotts

41. Why were people immigrating to the United States at this time? Where were they from? • US was extremely xenophobic at the turn of the century… • Link to political cartoons anti immigration Cartoons.doc • why:? • Why were immigrants coming? • Push v. Pull factors • Largest period of immigration in US history • Fleeing revolutionary upheavals (ex. Mexico), fleeing religious persecution (ex. Jews in E Europe), economic necessity (ex SE Europe) • Life like for immigrants… • Unsafe factory work, unhealthy ghettos (slums), life desperate cycle of poverty, exhausting labor and early death

42. THE CHALLENGES OF URBANIZATION • Rapid urbanization occurred in the late 19th century in the Northeast & Midwest • Most immigrants settled incities because of the available jobs & affordable housing • By 1910, immigrants made up more than half the population of 18 major American cities

43. MIGRATION FROM COUNTRY TO CITY • Rapid improvements in farm technology (tractors, reapers, steel plows) made farming more efficient in the late 19th century • It also meant less labor was needed to do the job • Many rural people left for cities to find work- including almost ¼ million African Americans Discrimination and segregation were often the reality for African Americans who migrated North

45. URBAN PROBLEMS • Problems in American cities in the late 19th and early 20th century included: • Housing: overcrowded tenements were unsanitary • Sanitation: garbage was often not collected, polluted air Famous photographer Jacob Riis captured the struggle of living in crowded tenements

46. URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED • Transportation:Cities struggled to provide adequate transit systems • Water: Without safe drinking water cholera and typhoid fever was common • Crime: As populations increased thieves flourished • Fire: Limited water supply and wooden structures combined with the use of candles led to many major urban fires – Chicago 1871 and San Francisco 1906 were two major fires Harper’s Weekly image of Chicagoans fleeing the fire over the Randolph Street bridge in 1871

47. PHOTOGRAPHER JACOB RIIS CAPTURED IMAGES OF THE CITY

48. Jacob Riis

49. Jacob Riis

50. Jacob Riis