Chapter 4 The Developing Person

1. Chapter 4 The Developing Person

2. Outline 1.What is Developmental Psychology? 2. Prenatal Development & the Newborn 3. Infancy & the Childhood 4. Adolescence 5. Adulthood

3. 1.What is Developmental Psychology?

4. 1.What is Developmental Psychology? 3 Main Developmental Issues: • Nature versus Nurture • Continuity versus Stages • Stability versus Change

5. 2. Prenatal Development & the Newborn

6. 2. Prenatal development & the Newborn A. Conception

7. 2. Prenatal development & the Newborn • B. Prenatal Development • Zygote • Embryo • Fetus

8. 2. Prenatal development & the Newborn • B.Prenatal Development • Teratogens • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

9. 2. Prenatal development & the Newborn • C. The Competent Newborn • Rooting Reflex • Preferences

10. 3. Infancy & Childhood

11. At birth 15 months 3 months Cortical Neurons 3. Infancy & the Childhood A. Physical Development • Brain Development • Maturation –

12. 3. Infancy & the Childhood A. Physical Development • Motor Development

13. 3. Infancy & the Childhood B. Cognitive Development

14. 3. Infancy & the Childhood B. Cognitive Development • 1. Sensorimotor Stage (0-2)

15. 3. Infancy & the Childhood B. Cognitive Development • 2. Preoperational (2-6)

16. 3. Infancy & the Childhood B. Cognitive Development • 3. Concrete Operational (7-11) • 4. Formal Operational (12- )

17. Typical Age Range Description of Stage Developmental Phenomena Birth to nearly 2 years Sensorimotor Experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing) • Object permanence • Stranger anxiety About 2 to 6 years Preoperational Representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning • Pretend play • Egocentrism • Language development About 7 to 11 years Concrete operational Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations • Conservation • Mathematical transformations About 12 through adulthood Formal operational Abstract reasoning • Abstract logic • Potential for moral reasoning 3. Infancy & the Childhood Cognitive Development

18. 3. Infancy & the Childhood C. Social Development I. Origins of Attachment • A. Body Contact –

20. 3. Infancy & the Childhood C. Social Development : I. Origins of Attachment • B. Familiarity

21. 3. Infancy & the Childhood C. Social Development : I. Origins of Attachment • C. Responsive Parenting • Monkeys raised by artificial mothers were terror-stricken when placed in strange situations without their surrogate mothers

22. Percentage of infants who cried when their mothers left 100 80 Day care 60 40 Home 20 0 3.5 5.5 7.5 9.5 11.5 13.5 20 29 Age in months Responsive Parenting

23. 3. Infancy & the Childhood C. Social Development II. Effects of Attachment • A. Secure attachment predicts Social Competence • B. Deprivation of Attachment

24. 3. Infancy & the Childhood C. Social Development: II Effects of Attachment • C. Disruption of Attachment • D. Daycare effect Attachment?

25. 3. Infancy & the Childhood C. Social Development III. Self Concept

26. 3. Infancy & the Childhood C. Social Development IV. Child Rearing Practices • 3 Main types of Parenting Styles • Authoritarian – • Permissive – • Authoritative –

27. Child’s traits (e.g., self-reliant socially competent) Parenting style (e.g.,authoritative) Harmonious marriage, common genes, or other third factor The correlation between authoritative parenting & social competence in children

28. 4. Adolescence

29. 4. Adolescence A. Physical Development • Puberty

30. Height in centimeters 190 170 150 130 110 90 70 50 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Age in years Boys Girls

31. 4. Adolescence A. Physical Development • Primary Sex Characteristics • Secondary Sex Characteristics

32. Physical Development

33. 1890, Women 7.2-Year Interval 10 20 10 20 Age 1988, Women 11.8-Year Interval Age 4. Adolescence A. Physical Development • Menarche –1st

34. 4. Adolescence B. Cognitive Development • I. Developing Reasoning Power

35. 4. Adolescence B. Cognitive Development • II. Developing Morality

36. Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles Postconventional level Conventional level Morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval Preconventional level Morality of self-interest: to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder

37. 4. Adolescence B. Cognitive Development • II. Developing Morality • Moral Feeling • Moral Action

38. 4. Adolescence C. Social Development

39. Approximate age Stage Description of Task Infancy Trust vs. mistrust If needs are dependably met, infants (1st year) develop a sense of basic trust. Toddler Autonomy vs. shame Toddlers learn to exercise will and (2nd year) and doubt do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities. Preschooler Initiative vs. guilt Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks (3-5 years) and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent. Elementary Competence vs. Children learn the pleasure of applying (6 years- inferiority themselves to tasks, or they feel puberty) inferior. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

40. Approximate age Stage Description of Task Adolescence Identity vs. role Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by (teens into confusion testing roles and then integrating them to 20s) form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are. Young Adult Intimacy vs. Young adults struggle to form close relation- (20’s to early isolation ships and to gain the capacity for intimate 40s) love, or they feel socially isolated. Middle Adult Generativity vs. The middle-aged discover a sense of contri- (40s to 60s) stagnation buting to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose. Late Adult Integrity vs. When reflecting on his or her life, the older (late 60s and despair adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or up) failure. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

41. 4. Adolescence C. Social Development • I. Forming an Identity

42. 4. Adolescence C. Social Development • II. Developing Intimacy

43. 4. Adolescence C. Social Development • III. Separating from Parents

44. 100% 80 60 40 20 0 Percent with positive, warm interaction with parents 2 to 4 5 to 8 9 to 11 Ages of child in years Parent-Child Relationship

45. 5. Adulthood

46. 5. Adulthood A. Physical Development • I. Physical Changes in Middle Adulthood • Menopause

47. 5. Adulthood A. Physical Development • I. Physical Changes in Middle Adulthood • Men • Sexually Active

48. 5. Adulthood A. Physical Development • II. Physical Changes in Later Life • Life Expectancy

49. 1.00 0.75 0.50 Proportion of normal (20/20) vision when identifying letters on an eye chart 0.25 0 10 30 50 70 90 Age in years 5. Adulthood A. Physical Development • II. Physical Changes in Later Life • Sensory Abilities

50. 90 90 Percent correct when identifying spoken words Percent correct when Identifying smells 70 70 50 50 10 10 30 30 50 50 70 70 90 90 Age in years Age in years