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Revolution, Anticolonialism , and Decolonization in the Context of the Cold War

Revolution, Anticolonialism , and Decolonization in the Context of the Cold War. Chinese Revolution – Mao Zedong (1893-1976) The Chinese Revolution as an act of a nation of peasants Radical reform in the countryside – health care, education, lower rents – promised

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Revolution, Anticolonialism , and Decolonization in the Context of the Cold War

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  1. Revolution, Anticolonialism, and Decolonization in the Context of the Cold War • Chinese Revolution – Mao Zedong (1893-1976) • The Chinese Revolution as an act of a nation of peasants • Radical reform in the countryside – health care, education, lower rents – promised • Mao adopted Marxism to a rural environment quite different than the industrial state

  2. Decolonization • Older forms of Empire no longer economically viable • The rise of nationalist movements • Conflicts and violence involved both indigenous peoples and European settler communities

  3. The Once Crown Jewel of the British Empire – India Gains Independence in 1947 • Mahatma Ghandi (1869-1948) and the strategy of non-violence • Swaraj – self rule – and a withdraw from the economy of the British Empire • Jawaharal Nehru (1889-1964)– first prime minister of an independent India • Partition into India and Pakistan, dominated by Hindus and Muslims respectively – June 1947

  4. Palestine, 1948 • 1917 Balfour Declaration – Britain promised a Jewish homeland in Palestine • Also Britain encouraged Arab nationalism during WWI • Jewish Immigration from Europe between the wars – tension increased among Jewish settlers, Zionist militants, and Palestinian Arabs • British departed in 1947 after considerable terrorism – 2 states, one Arab, one Jewish • 1948 war led to state of Israel, one million Arabs expelled and in camps in Gaza and on West Bank of the Jordan

  5. Africa Decolonization • By the middle 1950s, Britain agreed to independence for a number of colonies, leaving them with a constitution but little economic support or modern infrastructure • By 1965 virtually all former colonies were now independent • In north Africa, French settlers complicated decolonization, especially in Algeria • In South Africa, apartheid an the loss of all political rights for Africans and Indians • Apartheid ends only in 1992-4

  6. France and Algeria • 1 million French settlers in Algeria, formally united to France in terms of administration • Also Berbers (mostly Muslim) and Muslim Arabs • After WWII nationalists demand independence – French provide for an inadequate governmental solution • By mid-1950s the FLN or National Liberation Front is organized – leaned towards socialism and called for equal citizenship for all

  7. Algeria and the FLN • A guerrilla war in the countryside, a war of terrorism in the cities • French repression on the part of its military was relentless and harsh • Systematic torture • Finally a referendum led to Algerian independence in 1963 • Conclusion: traditional colonialism for a European power like France was untenable by the 1960s

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