Chapter 19: Decolonization & The Cold War

1. Chapter 19: Decolonization & The Cold War

2. Introduction: 1A After WWII, the imperial powers of Europe were greatly weakened. The spirit of nationalism spread to their colonies, most of them had achieved independence within a few years after the war. In the same period, relations between the U.S. and Soviet Union broke down & the Cold War began. An “Iron Curtain” fell across Eastern Europe, while China and several other nations became Communist states. Although the U.S. & Soviet Union avoided a head-on confrontation, they engaged in a world-wide competition for influence as well as in regional conflicts like the Korean War and Vietnam Wars.

3. Important Ideas: 1B • After WWI, independence movements brought end 2 colonial rule in Asia & Africa. Mohandas Gandhi used passive resistance2 win independence 4 India in 1947. Muslims separated from India, forming Pakistan. Most of SE Asia and Middle East gained independence in 1950’s. • Kwame Nkrumah won independence 4 Ghana in 1957, other African nations followed & achieved independence shortly thereafter. • New African states faced problems of tribalism, political instability, and economic development. Many 1-party states turned into dictatorships. In South Africa, Nelson Mandela led struggle 2 end apartheid.

4. Important Ideas: 1C • Ideological differences led 2 a Cold War between the U.S. and Soviet Union when Stalin refused 2 allow free elections 2 take place in Poland. The Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan aimed at containment of Communism. • Communism next spread 2 Asia. Mao Zedong defeated Chinese Nationalists in 1949 & transformed China into a Communist state. Mao’s economic policies during the Great Leap Forward failed, leading 2 millions of deaths. • During the Korean War, Communist North Korea attacked South Korea, and Chinese and U.S. troops fought each other on the Korean peninsula.

5. Important Ideas: 1D • Communism also spread to Cuba & other countries. In the 1960’s, the U.S. sent 500K troops 2 help South Vietnam against North Vietnam, but they were unable 2 prevent a Communist take-over of South Vietnam. • Mao launched the Cultural Revolution in the 1960’s 2 revive Communist enthusiasm. The Revolution led 2 a loss of cultural treasures & many lives. • In the 1970’s Soviet command economy stagnated. It couldn’t compete effectively with the free market economies of the West. Mikhail Gorbachev introduced changes 2 reform the Soviet economy, but his reforms proved 2 be too little, 2 late.

6. Important Ideas: 1E • In1991, the Soviet Union dissolved, and the Commonwealth of Independent States was formed by several of the former republics. • Pope John Paul II Lech Walesa led the struggle 2 end Communist rule in Poland. Gorbachev allowed E. Europe 2 hold free elections. In 1989, E. Germans opened the Berlin Wall; soon after, Germany was reunited. • China’s Communist rulers have continued their monopoly of political power but have encouraged limited free enterprise & foreign investment in their economy. As a result, China is now the fastest growing economy in the world.

7. Page 3: Essential Questions 1) How did the colonies of Asia and Africa win their independence? 2) What were the causes and main events of the Cold War? (2,4,6,8,10) 3) What factors brought an end to the Cold War? (12)

8. Page 5: Vocabulary/Key Terminology 1) decolonization, 2) Mohandas Gandhi 3) Kwame Nkrumah 4) Apartheid 5) Nelson Mandela 6) Indira Gandhi 7) “Iron Curtain” 8) Truman Doctrine 9) NATO 10) Mao Zedong 11) Korean War 12) Cultural Revolution 13) Nuclear Arms Race 14) Cuban Missile Crisis 15) Vietnam War 16) Khmer Rouge 17) Natan Sharansky 18) Mikhail Gorbachev 19) Glasnost 20) Perestroika 21) Pope John Paul II 22) Lech Walesa 23) Tiananmen Square

9. Page 2: The Independence of Asia & Africa • After WWII, the imperial powers were weakened; colonies gained independence • South Asia: Mohandas Gandhi used non-violent resistance, Hindu India & Muslim Pakistan created • Africa: Ghana was 1st 2 achieve independence in 1957, other colonies soon followed • Problem of apartheid (racial separation) in S. Africa: Nelson Mandela elected President in 1994 • SE Asia: Indonesians & Vietnamese fight; win independence from Holland and France

10. After WWII 2 major world powers: the U.S. and U.S.S.R. Each “superpower” attempted 2 extend its influence worldwide Cold War since 2 powers never fought directly in open warfare, “cold relationship” Page 2: The Cold War

11. Roots of the Cold War How do you think ordinary citizens felt about Communism in the USSR?

12. 1945 Yalta Conference: Allies agree 2 divide Germany into 4 separate occupation zones after WWII After WWII Soviet army occupied E. Europe & made countries satellites of Russia. Winston Churchill said an “iron curtain” had descended on Eastern Europe. Trade & communication between Eastern & Western Europe cut off. The Cold War Begins in Europe

14. Western leaders feared Stalin was another Hitler. U.S. was only country strong enough 2 oppose USSR. Truman Doctrine: U.S policy 2 help countries stop spread of communism in their nations (containment). Marshall Plan: plan 2 give W. Europe $$ 2 rebuild their nations in order 2 become trading partners with US & 2 help resist Communism. Page 4: Growing American Involvement The political cartoon is of Joseph Stalin. Describe the cartoon and explain its meaning.

15. In 1948 Western powers began 2 merge their sections of Germany into 1 West Germany. Stalin refused 2 give up East Germany. Stalin closed all access to Berlin. The Western powers began airlifting supplies to West Berlin in stop this blockade. Stalin gave this up after a year. In 1949 the three western zones of Germany became the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the Soviet zone became the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). Berlin Airlift and Division of Germany What is unusual about the name given to East Germany?

17. Divisions of Germany

18. Divisions of Berlin

19. Berlin Airlift

21. In 1949, the US, Canada, & W. Europe formed North Atlantic Treaty Organization 2 protect W. Europe from Soviet aggression. US pledged 2 help Europe in an attack from USSR. In 1955, USSR created Warsaw Pact in response 2 NATO. Hungary tried 2 drop out but USSR sent troops 2 crush the uprising. Formation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact

22. NATO Warsaw Pact and Non-aligned nations

23. 2 Super Powers USSR largest military USA most productive economy and weaponry Ideological Differences: USA sought to spread democracy USSR wanted to spread communism Soviet Fears: Germany invaded Russia in 1944. USSR wanted Eastern Europe to serve as a buffer zone so they would not be invaded again. US Leaders Avoid Isolation and Appeasement: The US no longer followed their policy of isolationism. Did not learn from their mistakes and the mistakes of the French and British New Weapons: The atomic bomb made both sides cautious and avoid direct confrontation The Rise of Communism in Asia: Japan’s invasion of China weakened the Chinese National Government. Communist leaders in China used this weakness to assume power in China How the End of WWII Helped Start the Cold War

24. The Cold War Reaches Asia

25. Chinese leader Chiang Kai-Shek fought both Japanese & Communists in WW2. In 1937 Communists, under Mao Zedong agreed 2 help fight Japanese. After Japan was defeated the 2 sides started fighting again. Soviets helped Communists & drove Nationalists out of China & into Taiwan in 1949. All aspects of Chinese life came under control of the Communists. Mao felt that role of the peasant was important so he emphasized that lifestyle. Page 6: The Communist Revolution in China How do you think Chinese citizens reacted to these changes?

26. Communists vs. Nationalists Jiang Jieshi (a.k.a. Chiang Kai-shek) Mao Zedong

27. Changes to China Under Mao Elimination of the “Capitalist Class” Landowners, factory-owners, village leaders, and better peasants were considered to be the “capitalist class”. The Communists said these exploited others. At least 1 million of these so-called “capitalists” were killed. Reeducation Communist beliefs became required learning in all universities and schools. Newspapers and books were brought under the control of the government and had to promote Communism. Even art and music came under the direct supervision of the government. The Family Family authority was replaced by the authority of the Communist Party. Children were taught to obey the state, not their parents. Ancestor worship, which had once promoted family tradition, was forbidden. This prohibition further weakened the father’s traditional role as the family leader.

28. In 1956 Mao forced peasants into cooperative farms where families worked together and shared the crops. In 1958 Mao introduced his 5 Year Plan 2 make China an industrial power. The 5 Year Plan proposed the building of dams, roads, & factories. This failed due to poor planning and high costs. Plan was economic disaster Because of this 30-50 million people died of starvation. The “Great Leap Forward” Card issued to celebrate the Great Leap Forward Describe the card and its meaning

29. In 1962 Mao introduced the Cultural Revolution 2 bring China towards the ideal Communist community. Reasons for the Revolution: Border disputes and Mao’s condemnation of the USSR led to open disagreements between the two. Loss of enthusiasm for communism in the Communist Party Wanted to cover up his mistakes in the Great Leap Forward Mao’s sayings in his “Little Red Book” served as the blueprint for the program The Cultural Revolution Describe the poster above. What message is it trying to send?

32. Red Guards holding Mao’s “Little Red Book” of his sayings during the cultural revolution.

33. In 1966, Mao closed China’s universities & schools. Invited 11 million students 2 Beijing as Red Guards. Red Guards attacked China’s professionals 4 not embracing communist ideals. Forced educated men/women 2 work in fields. Many were tortured and killed. Mao had to use the army to control the Red Guard. This led to a shortage of food and goods. Eventually he sent the Red Guard back to the countryside to help with the farming The Red Guards Based on Mao’s policies evaluate him as a leader.

34. Page 7: Applying What You Have Learned • Stalin in USSR & Mao in China achieved tremendous economic & social changes in their countries, but at a terrible cost. • What is your evaluation of these leaders? 1-2 paragraphs.

35. Korea was divided in 1945. In 1950 Communist North Korea invaded Democratic South Korea. The United Nations, led by the US, sent troops to aid South Korea. When UN forces pushed the North Koreans 2 Chinese border China intervened on behalf of North Korea. In 1953 a compromise ended the war. The compromise left North & South Korea divided exactly the same as before war began. Page 8: The Korean War (1950-1953) What role did China play in the war?

36. War in Korea • A Divided Land • 38th parallel—line dividing Korea into North Korea and South Korea

38. The Height of the Cold War

39. 1945 US invents atomic bomb 1949 USSR tests their first atomic bomb USA & USSR begin building more powerful hydrogen bombs & missiles 2 deliver them. 1957 USSR launches Sputnik, 1st man made satellite. USA & USSR realize these weapons are so destructive that they are deterrents 2 war. Instead of fighting each other they help other countries fight limited wars. The Nuclear Arms Race Do we still live under the threat of nuclear war today? Explain your answer.

42. U-2 spy plane similar to the one shot down over the U.S.S.R.

43. Francis Gary Powers with a model of a U-2 spy plane.

45. 1953 Stalin died Nikita Krushchev took over the USSR He condemned Stalin’s atrocities He freed many political prisoners And tried to introduced changes in the Soviet Union. This triggered unrest in Eastern Europe, where many were unhappy with Communist rule. Krushchev and Eastern Europe Krushchev with President John F. Kennedy Why would Krushchev’s actions encourage Eastern European countries to cause trouble for the USSR?

46. Problems and Protests in Eastern Europe Poland: In 1956, workers went on strike and demanded greater freedom. Krushchev allowed Poland to handle the problem as long as they stayed loyal to the USSR. Hungary: Students led protests in favor of reform. The country threatened to leave the Warsaw Pact. Soviet troops were sent to brutally crush he reform government in 1956. East Berlin: In 1961, a wall was built around West Berlin to cut off the east from the west. Also barriers were constructed between East and West Germany. The Berlin Wall became a symbol of the Cold War. Czechoslovakia: In 1968, the country introduced a more liberal form of Communism. The USSR sent tanks in and replaced the leaders with hard-line Communists.

47. The Berlin Wall

49. Page 9: Applying What You Have Learned • Do you think the Cold War could have been avoided? • Explain your answer. (1-2 paragraphs)

50. 1958 Fidel Castro came 2 power in Cuba with promise of democracy. Instead he nationalized all businesses & killed any opposition. US broke off trade with Cuba. Castro turned 2 the USSR 4 help & made Cuba communist. Page 10: Communism Comes to Latin America