Mental Health Disorders

Mental Health Disorders Mr. Hoffman

Depression Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can have a negative effect on a person's thoughts, behavior, feelings, world view and physical well-being. Depressed people may feel sad, anxious, empty, hopeless, worried, helpless, worthless, guilty, irritable, hurt or restless. They may lose interest in activities that once were pleasurable, experience loss of appetite or overeating, have problems concentrating, remembering details, or making decisions and may contemplate or attempt suicide. Insomnia, excessive sleeping, fatigue, loss of energy, or aches, pains or digestive problems that are resistant to treatment may be physical displays of depression.

Depression continued Depression in young adults is a common health problem and a growing public concern. In 2006, 1 in 20 U.S. adults had experienced a major depressive episode with severe impairment. A number of psychiatric syndromes feature depressed mood as a main symptom such as, Major depressive disorder, Bi-polar disorder and seasonal affective disorder.

Depression continued Depression continued • Treatment: Both counseling and antidepressants are both used to help with the treatment of depression and other disorders closely related. First counseling or psychotherapy is used and depending on the situation drugs may be added. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lb-TisO17HE

Adjustment Disorder An adjustmentdisorder occurs when an individual is unable to adjust to or cope with a particular stressor, like a major life event. Since people with this disorder normally have symptoms that depressed people do, such as general loss of interest, feelings of hopelessness and crying, this disorder is also sometimes known as situational depression. Unlike major depression however, the disorder is caused by an outside stressor and generally resolves once the individual is able to adapt to the situation. The same treatment for depression is common for adjustment disorder with the addition of trying to limit exposure to the stressor causing the issue.

Bi-Polar Disorder • Bipolar disorder (historically known as manic-depressive disorder) is a psychiatric diagnosis for a mood disorder in which people experience disruptive mood swings. These encompass a frenzied state known as mania (or hypomania) usually alternated with symptoms of depression. Bipolar disorder is defined by the presence of one or more episodes of abnormally elevated energy levels, cognition, and mood with or without one or more depressive episodes.

Bi-polar continued • Individuals in a hypomanic state have a decreased need for sleep, are extremely outgoing and competitive, and have a great deal of energy. • Prevalence is similar in men and women and, broadly, across different cultures and ethnic groups. Genetic factors contribute substantially to the likelihood of developing bipolar disorder, and environmental factors are also implicated. Bipolar disorder is often treated with mood stabilizing medications and psychotherapy. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fyJn_3LkE8w

Seasonal Affective Disorder • Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), also known as winter depression, winter blues, summer depression, summer blues, or seasonal depression, is a mood disorder in which people who have normal mental health throughout most of the year experience depressive symptoms in the winter or summer, spring or autumn year after year. • Although experts were initially skeptical, this condition is now recognized as a common disorder, with its prevalence in the U.S. ranging from 1.4 percent in Florida to 9.7 percent in New Hampshire. • There are many different treatments for classic (winter-based) seasonal affective disorder, including light therapy with sunlight or bright lights, antidepressant medication, cognitive-behavioral therapy, ionized-air administration, and carefully timed supplementation of the hormone melatonin.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder • Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to any event that results in psychological trauma. This event may involve the threat of death to oneself or to someone else, or to one's own or someone else's physical, sexual, or psychological integrity, overwhelming the individual's ability to cope. • This is often what people historically called shell shock in WWI and WWII. • Often people with this disorder have, flashbacks, night scares and are forced to relive the incident. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iXHz8NVE7pY

Postpartum Depression • Postpartum depression (PPD), is a type of clinical depression which can affect women, and less frequently men, typically after childbirth. Studies report prevalence rates among women from 5% to 25%. Postpartum depression occurs in women after they have carried a child. Symptoms include sadness, fatigue, changes in sleeping and eating patterns, reduced libido, crying episodes, anxiety, and irritability. Although a number of risk factors have been identified, the causes of PPD are not well understood. Many women recover with a treatment consisting of a support group or counseling. • The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, a standardized self-reported questionnaire, may be used to identify women who have postpartum depression. If the new mother scores more than 13, she is likely to develop PPD. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yH3WMQO-ooU

Cognitive Behavior Therapy • Big Bang Theory • Psychoanalysis

Anxiety Disorder • Anxiety disorder is a blanket term covering several different forms of a type of common psychiatric disorder characterized by excessive worrying, uneasiness, apprehension and fear about future uncertainties either based on real or imagined events, which may affect both physical and psychological health. There are numerous psychiatric and medical syndromes which may mimic the symptoms of an anxiety disorder such as hyperthyroidism which is frequently misdiagnosed as generalized anxiety disorder.

Panic Disorder • Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurring severe panic attacks. It may also include significant behavioral changes lasting at least a month and of ongoing worry about the implications or concern about having other attacks. • Panic attacks cannot be predicted, therefore an individual may become stressed, anxious or worried wondering when the next panic attack will occur. • Panic attacks have a sudden or out-of-blue cause that lasts shorter with more intense symptoms, as opposed to Anxiety attacks having stressors that build to less severe reactions and can last for weeks or months. Panic attacks can occur in children, as well as adults. Panic in young people may be particularly distressing because the child has less insight about what is happening, and his/her parent is also likely to experience distress when attacks occur. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zvovkmeY7Hc&feature=relmfu

Agoraphobia Agoraphobia is a condition where the sufferer becomes anxious in environments that are unfamiliar or where he or she perceives that they have little control. Triggers for this anxiety may include wide open spaces, crowds (social anxiety), or traveling (even short distances). Agoraphobia is often, but not always, compounded by a fear of social embarrassment, as the agoraphobic fears the onset of a panic attack and appearing distraught in public http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdN5a8GI3QA http://mental.healthguru.com/video/severe-social-anxiety-understanding-agoraphobia

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is an ___________ characterized by intrusive thoughts that produce uneasiness, apprehension, ___ , or _____, by repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing the associated anxiety, or by a combination of such obsessions and compulsions. anxiety disorder fear worry

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder cleaning hoarding checking Symptoms of the disorder include excessive washing or _______; repeated ________; extreme ________; preoccupation with sexual, violent or religious thoughts; relationship-related obsessions; aversion to particular ________; and ____________, such as opening and closing a door a certain number of times before entering or leaving a room. Some people with OCD perform compulsive rituals because they inexplicably feel __________, others act compulsively so as to mitigate the ______ that stems from particular obsessive thoughts. The person might feel that these actions somehow either will prevent a dreaded event from occurring, or will push the event from their thoughts. Howie Mandel numbers nervous rituals they have to anxiety

Schizophrenia • Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by a breakdown of thought _________ and by poor______________________. Common symptoms include auditory____________, paranoid or bizarre __________, or disorganized speech and thinking, and it is accompanied by significant social or occupational dysfunction. The onset of symptoms typically occurs in ______________, with a global lifetime prevalence of about 0.3–0.7%. Diagnosis is based on observed behavior and the patient's reported experiences. • The mainstay of treatment is antipsychotic medication, which primarily suppresses __________(and sometimes serotonin) receptor activity. Psychotherapy and vocational and social rehabilitation are also important in treatment. • Often the problem is that taking the medication makes the patient feel not like themselves. They then halt the process until they have a major breakdown and then the ordeal begins again. processes emotional responsiveness hallucinations delusions young adulthood dopamine

Schizophrenia continued • What Real Schizophrenia looks like

Dissociative Identity Disorder • Dissociative identity disorder (DID), also known as ________________________ (MPD), is a mental disorder characterized by at least two distinct and relatively enduring identities or dissociated personalities that alternately control a _______________, and is accompanied by _________________ for important information not explained by ordinary forgetfulness. • Patient with DID • The Minds of Billy Milligan multiple personality disorder person's behavior memory impairment

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder inattention hyperactivity and impulsiveness 3 to 5 coping mechanisms Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by either significant difficulties of __________or _______________ _____________or a combination of the two. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, symptoms emerge before seven years of age. Oftentimes people refer to ADHD as "Attention deficit disorder" (ADD), however, the term was revised in the 1994 version of the DSM. ADHD impacts school-aged children and results in restlessness, acting impulsively, and lack of focus which impairs their ability to learn properly. It is the most commonly studied and diagnosed psychiatric disorder in children, affecting about _____ percent of children globally and diagnosed in about 2 to 16 percent of school-aged children. It is a chronic disorder with 30 to 50 percent of those individuals diagnosed in childhood continuing to have symptoms into adulthood. Adolescents and adults with ADHD tend to develop _________________ to compensate for some or all of their impairments. It is estimated that 4.7 percent of American adults live with ADHD.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder three stimulants • ADHD is diagnosed _____ times more frequently in boys than in girls. • ADHD management usually involves some combination of medications (__________), applied behavior analysis (ABA, previously known as behavior modification), lifestyle changes, and counseling. • Twin studies indicate that the disorder is highly heritable and that genetics are a factor in about 75 percent of all cases. Hyperactivity also seems to be primarily a genetic condition; however, other causes have been identified. • Researchers believe that a large majority of ADHD cases arise from a combination of various genes, many of which affect dopamine transporters. • In one study a delay in development of certain brain structures by an average of three years occurred in ADHD elementary school-aged patients. The delay was most prominent in the frontal cortex and temporal lobe, which are believed to be responsible for the ability to control and focus thinking. • Egg Harbor Elementary School Story

Autism Autism is one of the five pervasive developmental disorders, which are characterized by widespread abnormalities of _______________ and _____________, and severely restricted interests and highly repetitive behavior. These symptoms do not imply sickness, fragility, or emotional disturbance. The diagnostic criteria require that symptoms become apparent before a child is three years old. Autism affects information processing in the brain by altering how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize; how this occurs is not well understood. Many think it is actually __________________ between neurons in the brain. You Ought to Know communication social interactions over connectedness

Autism - Social Interaction • People with autism have social impairments and often lack the intuition about others that many people take for granted. • Unusual social development becomes apparent early in childhood. Autistic infants show less attention to social stimuli, smile and look at others less often, and respond less to their __________ . • Older children and adults with ASD perform worse on tests of face and __________________. • Children with high-functioning autism suffer from more intense and frequent ___________ compared to non-autistic peers, despite the common belief that children with autism prefer to be alone. Making and maintaining friendships often proves to be difficult for those with autism. For them, the _______ of friendships, not the number of friends, predicts how lonely they feel. Functional friendships, such as those resulting in invitations to parties, may affect the quality of life more deeply. own name emotion recognition loneliness quality

Autism - Communication third to a half • About a _____________ of individuals with autism do not develop enough natural speech to meet their daily communication needs. • Autistic children are less likely to make requests or share experiences, and are more likely to simply repeat others' words (echolalia) or reverse pronouns. • In a pair of studies, high-functioning autistic children aged 8–15 performed ___________ as, and adults better than, individually matched controls at basic language tasks involving vocabulary and spelling. Both autistic groups performed _______ than controls at complex language tasks such as figurative language, comprehension and inference. As people are often sized up initially from their basic language skills, these studies suggest that people speaking to autistic individuals are more likely to overestimate what their audience comprehends. equally well worse

Autism - Repetitive Actions Stereotypy Compulsive behavior • ___________ is repetitive movement, such as hand flapping, head rolling, or body rocking. • __________________ is intended and appears to follow rules, such as arranging objects in stacks or lines. • __________ is resistance to change; for example, insisting that the furniture not be moved or refusing to be interrupted. • ________________ involves an unvarying pattern of daily activities, such as an unchanging menu or a dressing ritual. This is closely associated with sameness and an independent validation has suggested combining the two factors. • _________________ is limited in focus, interest, or activity, such as preoccupation with a single television program, toy, or game. • __________ includes movements that injure or can injure the person, such as eye poking, skin picking, hand biting, and head banging. A 2007 study reported that self-injury at some point affected about 30% of children with ASD. Sameness Ritualistic behavior Restricted behavior Self-injury

Asperger’s Disorder Asperger syndrome (AS) is characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction, alongside restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests. It differs from other autism spectrum disorders by its relative __________ of linguistic and cognitive development. Although not required for diagnosis, physical clumsiness and atypical (peculiar, odd) use of language are frequently reported. This is on the Spectrum of Autism and some psychologists want to eliminate the term and just have patients be called High Functioning Autistics. preservation

Down Syndrome Down syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is a chromosomal condition caused by the presence of all or part of a ________ of chromosome 21. Down syndrome is the most common chromosome abnormality in humans. It is typically associated with a delay in cognitive ability (mental retardation, or MR) and physical growth, and a particular set of facial characteristics. The average IQ of young adults with Down syndrome is around ___, compared to children without the condition with an IQ of ___. A large proportion of individuals with Down syndrome have a severe degree of intellectual disability. third copy 50 100

Down Syndrome 691 • The CDC estimates that about one of every ____ babies born in the United States each year is born with Down syndrome. • Down syndrome can be identified in a baby at birth, or even before birth by________________. Pregnancies with this diagnosis are often terminated. • Many children with Down syndrome graduate from high school and are able to do paid work, and some participate in post-secondary education as well. Education and proper care has been shown to improve quality of life significantly. • _____________ influences the chances of conceiving a baby with Down syndrome. At maternal age 20 to 24, the probability is one in 1562; at age 35 to 39 the probability is one in 214, and above age 45 the probability is one in 19. • Video prenatal screening Maternal age

Tourette’s Syndrome physical (motor) tics vocal (phonic) tic coprolalia Tourette syndrome is an inherited neuropsychiatric disorder with onset in childhood, characterized by multiple ________________ and at least one _______________. These tics characteristically wax and wane, can be suppressed temporarily, and are preceded by a premonitory urge. Tourette's was once considered a rare and bizarre syndrome, most often associated with the exclamation of obscene words or socially inappropriate and derogatory remarks (________), but this symptom is present in only a small minority of people with Tourette's. What Makes You Tic?

Tourette’s eye blinking • Between 0.4% and 3.8% of children ages 5 to 18 may have Tourette's; the prevalence of transient and chronic tics in school-age children is higher, with the more common tics of ___________, ________, _____________, _______, and _______________. Tourette's does not adversely affect intelligence or life expectancy. • Genetic and environmental factors play a role in the etiology of Tourette's, but the exact causes are unknown. • Coprolalia (the spontaneous utterance of socially objectionable or taboo words or phrases) is the most publicized symptom of Tourette's, but it is not required for a diagnosis of Tourette's and only about 10% of Tourette's patients exhibit it. Echolalia (repeating the words of others), while the most common initial motor and vocal tics are, respectively, eye blinking and throat clearing. facial movements throat clearing coughing sniffing

Tourette’s suppressible • In contrast to the abnormal movements of other movement disorders, the tics of Tourette's are temporarily ____________, nonrhythmic, and often preceded by an unwanted premonitory urge. Immediately preceding tic onset, most individuals with Tourette's are aware of an urge, similar to the need to sneeze or scratch an itch. Individuals describe the need to tic as a buildup of tension, pressure, or energy which they consciously choose to release, as if they "had to do it" to relieve the sensation or until it feels "just right". • A person with Tourette's has about a ____ chance of passing the gene(s) to one of his or her children. • It is not uncommon for the parents of affected children to be unaware that they, too, may have had tics as children. Because Tourette's tends to subside with maturity, and because milder cases of Tourette's are now more likely to be recognized, the first realization that a parent had tics as a child may not come until their offspring is diagnosed. 50%

Dementia/Alzheimer’s Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of ________. There is no cure for the disease, which worsens as it progresses, and eventually leads to ______. Most often, AD is diagnosed in people over ___ years of age, although the less-prevalent early-onset Alzheimer's can occur much earlier. In 2006, there were 26.6 million sufferers worldwide. Alzheimer's is predicted to affect 1 in ___ people globally by 2050. dementia death 65 85

Dementia/Alzheimer’s • Although Alzheimer's disease develops differently for every individual, there are many common symptoms. In the early stages, the most common symptom is difficulty in remembering __________. When AD is suspected, the diagnosis is usually confirmed with tests that evaluate behavior and thinking abilities, often followed by a brain scan if available. As the disease advances, symptoms can include ________, ________ and aggression, mood swings, trouble with ________, and long-term ___________. recent events irritability confusion language memory loss

Brains affected by Alzheimer’s

Dementia/Alzheimer’s plaques • The cause and progression of Alzheimer's disease are not well understood. Research indicates that the disease is associated with _______ and tangles in the brain. Current treatments only help with the ________ of the disease. There are no available treatments that stop or reverse the progression of the disease. As of 2012, more than 1000 clinical trials have been or are being conducted to find ways to treat the disease, but it is unknown if any of the tested treatments will work. _______________, ________, and a ___________ have been suggested as ways to delay cognitive symptoms (though not brain pathology) in healthy older individuals, but there is no conclusive evidence supporting an effect. symptoms exercise Mental stimulation balanced diet

Mental Health Disorders