The Rise and Fall of Napoleon (Napoleonic Era) 1802-1815

1. The Rise and Fall of Napoleon(Napoleonic Era)1802-1815 From Corsican to Emperor to Exile: 1769-1821

2. The little Corsican • Born August 15, 1769 in rebellion vs. France • Studies Caesar – entered military • French Revolution: provides opportunities • 1793 – Noticed by Rev. Gov’t. at Toulon • 1794 – Robespierre’s fall & others = Napoleon’s rise • Oct 1795 mob of 80,000 attack NC • Napoleon called upon – fires point blank w/cannons • Uncounted deaths – promotion to major general • March 1796 General-in-Chief of army in Italy

3. The Consulate, 1799-1804 • Coup d’etat • Constitution created a three consul system • Napoleon chosen as “First Consul” • The two subordinate consuls had little authority (Talleyrand: Foreign minister) • In 1802, Napoleon changed the Consulate • The people voted, electing Napoleon • “First Consul for life”

4. Napoleonic Code • Commission drafted new law codes beginning 1800 • 1804 Civil Code (for France) goes into effect • By 1810, new laws in commercial and criminal cases had been developed • *Reaffirmed principle of citizens’ equality before the law • Marriage completely secularized – divorce restricted • Women: patriarchal society – obedience – no political voice • Penalties for political crimes increased • Sig: codification of laws for all – introduced to other countries under Napoleonic rule

5. Concordat of 1801 • PopePius VI condemned clergy who signed CCC (Bishop) Talleyrand = “stained with perjury and guilty of desertion for relinquishing his church into the hands of laymen of his own authority.” • Danger of split – moves Pius VII to reconciliation with Napoleon • 10th draft finally approved by both sides • Recognizes Catholic faith is of majority of French citizens – but not national religion • French gov’t authority to nominate bishops – but Pope invests -- bishops choose priests • Pope won’t interfere with old church lands now owned by others • Napoleon adds “Organic Articles” reestablishing Gallicanism! • Sig: Church re-established after 11 years of suppression, but under French control!

6. Education Reforms • State-controlled system of secondary schools • French Academy restored 1795 • Professional and technical schools developed as well • E.g. École Polytechnique • Public and some private schools run by a gov’t agency

7. Warfare[“World War” from 1792-1815!] 1792-1795, 1st Coalition – Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, Spain, Port; Prussia accepts France as Protector of Germany; Spain allies w/ France b/c of Gibraltar 1797 Austria signs treaty of Campo Formio (gives over Belgium; France gets Left Bank of Rhine) 1799 2nd Coalition – R, GB, A, OE, Port, Naples, Vatican GB defeats Nap. @ Nile (BUT Napoleon returns home w/stories of VICTORY); Nap. Sets out to recapture Italian territories 1801 Peace of Luneville – Fr. Advances on Vienna, Austria sues for peace 1802 Peace of Ameins – Great Britain backs off (1 year of European peace) “shame of princes” – German princes of Left Bank of Rhine bribe French for Right Bank territory; ultimately leads to Confederation of the Rhine (1806)

8. Stages of Occupation • Stage 1 = military conquest & occupation • Stage 2 = establishment of native satellite gov’t. • draft new constitution • regularize relationships w/ France (Spain and Grand Duchy of Warsaw stopped here) • Stage 3 = great internal reform & reorganization • esp. Belgium, Rhine territories, Italy and bulk of Germany • Reform all that is FEUDAL!!!

9. Types of Reform • Church losses position as public authority • Inquisition abolished/church property confiscated • religious tolerance • Guilds abolished • gen. legislation of towns & provinces • internal tariffs removed (free trade) • Napoleonic Code accepted • hereditary office and sale of office abolished / personal expenses sep. from gov’t. expenses • common tax = land tax BUT, no self government& all dependent states must supply money & soldiers

10. Napoleonic Empire • Crowned himself emperor Dec. 3, 1804 • 1805 “King of Italy” • Established highly organized central gov’t • 83 French departments run by Prefects • Dismantled local authorities est. during FR • Linked his authority to the countryside • Reorganized tax collection • Helped to put France on solid financial ground • No tax exemptions for anyone • Taxes collected by professionals

11. Warfare (con’t.) • 1804 Napoleon’s Coronation; • War of the Third Coalition, 1805-1807 • Great Britain, Austria, Russia, Sweden vs. France • 17 Oct. 1805 at Ulm in Bavaria defeats Austria: goes on to capture Vienna • 2 December 1805 at Austerlitz (110 km north of Vienna) defeats Russ./Aus. – “greatest victory” • Austria signs Treaty of Pressburg; Russia retreats to Poland • Holy Roman Empire disbanded by Napoleon • Nap. creates Confederation of Rhine 1806 • Napoleon is “protector” • HREmperor Francis II becomes Francis I of Austrian Empire • Prussia enters war vs. France • Jena and Auerstädt October 1806 • (Nap. begins Arc de Triumphe!)

14. Warfare con’t. • 1807 – Victory atFriedland (June 14) • Swift defeat pushes Russia to ally with France vs. Britain • Treaty of Tilsit: Alexander Iaccepts Nap. as “emperor of the West” – fears internal Russian revolt if France invades & wouldn’t mind being “Emperor of East” - Breaks Polish territories from Prussia and forms Duchy of Warsaw; Fr. force occupation of Prussia • Reign of the Bonapartes • Joseph, King of Naples till 1808 • Spain 1808 on (guerilla warfare – never “won”) • Louis, King of Holland • Jerome, King of Westphalia • Caroline, Queen of Naples 1808 • Austrian War of Liberation 1809 • Nap. takes Austrian Poland for Grand Duchy of Warsaw / • Now…for Britain!

15. Continental System • Effort to destroy British economy (“nation of shopkeepers”) • Britain 1805 confirms naval superiority – never a large army on mainland – Nap. will fight sea power with land power • So Berlin Decree, 1806: blockade British ships • So British “Order in Council,” 1807 all ships must stop in British port before moving on to Napoleonic port • So Milan Decree, 1807: retaliation, confiscate British goods • Continental System = colossal failure for French but not for British

16. Napoleonic Empire

17. Disaster • Peninsular War, 1808-1814 • France occupied Spain and attempts to take over Portugal • Spanish rise up against French (Nap. 1st defeat) • Serious drain financially and militarily / Spanish guerillas supported by Lord Wellington • Russian Campaign, June 1812 – 611,000 men • France invades to punish Russia for refusing to help the Continental System • 3 month march to Moscow – short of food – ½ die • Battles severe – winter worse – scorched earth policy of Russians – Napoleon returns with 111,000! • Beginning of the end • Leipzig or Battle of the Nations Oct. 1813 driven back to France

18. The End…or is it? • 11 April 1814, Napoleon abdicates • Allied forces move him to Elba • Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI, declared King of France – Bourbons restored! • 1st Treaty of Paris: May 1814 – old France • “100 Days” • Napoleon returns to France March 1, 1815 • Reaches Paris and heads for Belgium – wants to disperse Congress of Vienna! • Defeated at Waterloo, 18 June 1815 - Wellington • Napoleon sent to St. Helena island where he dies in 1821 • 2nd Treaty of Paris: must pay now

19. Europe after Napolean

20. Third of May 1808, Francisco Goya