WCV The Middle Ages

1. WCV The Middle Ages

2. TEXT READING PROMPTS 1>>Respond to each of the prompts with neat,carefully developed answers. >>Must include evidence from the reading to support your decisions. >>Minimum depth is 5-7 complete, detailed sentences each. “Byzantium: A Christian Empire Under Siege”pp. 284-921) What were the socio-economic, political & military effects of the siege, under which the Byzantine Christian Empire fell? “Terms of History: Medieval”pg. 2862) What are the roots of the term ‘Middle Ages’ & to what extent is that term variable and subjective? “Western Europe: A Medley of Kingdoms”pp. 299-3153) What were the roles, projects and powers in early Medieval European Kingdoms? 4) Discuss the Papacy: its place, power & importance in Medieval Europe.

3. TEXT READING PROMPTS 2>>Respond to each of the prompts with neat,carefully developed answers. >>Must include evidence from the reading to support your decisions. >>Minimum depth is 5-7 complete, detailed sentences each. 1) Reach a consensus on four of the most fascinating features of Medieval Life—and describe what aspects drew your attention to them. 2) Reach a consensus on four features of Medieval Life that appear similar to modern day…with obvious variations. 3) Reach a consensus on four features of Medieval Life that appear quite different to modern day…and discuss the ways in which they differ. 4) Individually, discuss why/why not you would have found fulfillment living during those times.

4. The Middle Ages are referred to as the "medieval period" (sometimes spelled "mediaeval" or "mediæval"). The name is from the Latin medium (middle) and ævum (age). See more at reference.com

11. Charlemagne visits Pope Adrian I

13. Sacre de Charlemagne: Coronation of Charles, 800 C.E.

14. Charles, Son & Scribe. This 10th-century work is actually a copy of a lost 9th-century original. It depicts Charlemagne meeting with his illegitimate son, Pippin the Hunchback, whom a conspiracy had sought to place on the throne.

17. Charlemagne at City Hall This statue of Charlemagne in armor stands outside the city hall of Aachen. The palace at Aachen was Charlemagne's favorite residence, and his tomb can be found at the Aachen Cathedral.

27. By 1050 most kings, dukes and counts were winning greater control over the vassals, ending the petty feudal wars. Kings were starting to consolidate power. Royal power in England: Foundations laid by William of Normandy, who is French. 1066 AD: King Edward the Confessor dies without an heir. William is his 2nd cousin. Claims throne. Harold Godwinson, an English nobleman wants throne too.

28. William invades England and a GREAT BATTLE is fought in 1066 at Hastings. Normans win: Norman conquest. William the Conqueror declares all England his personal property. The English lords who had backed Harold lose their fiefs and William gives their lands to Norman lords. He keeps about 20% of land for himself. Thus making him a very strong king, indeed.

29. The consequences of the Norman Conquest: England emerges as the first centralized feudal kingdom in Europe. About 200,000 Normans settle in England, thus bringing the French language and culture to England. (25% of English words have French origin—e.g. “surrender”) Duke of Normandy is also the King of England and the vassal of the French king—rivalry between French and English kings.

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34. The Crusades: Causes European Expansionism • Conversion of Vikings and Magyars removes pressure on Europe • Agricultural advances increase food supply • Battle of Hastings, 1066 • Capture of Toledo from Muslims, 1087 • Capture of Sicily from Muslims, 1091

35. Europe 1000-1100

36. The Crusades: Causes Roman-Byzantine Rivalry • Great Schism, 1064 • Cluniac (Benedictine) Reform causes church in West to be more attentive to business and provides impetus to attempts to reassert control

37. The Crusades: Causes Events in Muslim World • Battle of Manzikert, 1071. • Byzantines lose Anatolia to Turks. • Loss foreshadows eventual end of Byzantine Empire. • Turks disrupt pilgrim traffic.

38. Call for a Crusade • Urban II calls for Crusade, 1095 • Objectives • Drive Turks from Anatolia • Obligate the Byzantines • Provide occasion for healing Great Schism on Rome's terms • Capture Holy Land

39. Major Events of Crusades • I Crusade 1097-1098 • Achieves all major objectives in Holy Land • Turkish threat blunted, though not eliminated • Area not strategic to Muslims, could have been held indefinitely with a little skill. • Initial gains lost through diplomatic bungling. • Crusaders attempt to destabilize neighbors

40. Major Events of Crusades • II Crusade, 1147-1148 • Military failure, discredits Crusaders as military threat • III Crusade, 1189-1191 • Well-known in literature (Robin Hood) • Involved Richard I of England, Phillip II of France, Frederick I of Holy Roman Empire • Saladin on Muslim side.

41. Major Events of Crusades IV Crusade, 1199-1204 • Western-Greek relations always strained, mutual contempt. • To finance crusade, Crusaders work for Venetians • Crusaders sack Constantinople, 1204 • Chance to heal Great Schism utterly lost. • In 1453, when attacked by Turks, Byzantines preferred surrender to asking Rome for aid.

42. Major Events of Crusades • V Crusade 1218-1219 • Capture Damietta, swap for Jerusalem • Moslems agree • Crusaders try to conquer Egypt, are routed • VI Crusade 1229 • Frederick II of Germany did little fighting and a lot of negotiation • Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem and all the other holy cities and a truce of ten years • He was widely condemned for conducting the Crusade by negotiating rather than fighting.

43. Major Events of Crusades • VII Crusade 1248-1254 • Led by Louis IX of France • Nearly an exact repeat of the Fifth Crusade • VIII Crusade 1270 • Led by Louis IX of France • Louis’ brother, Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, had strategic plans of his own and diverted the expedition to Tunisia, where Louis died. • The last Crusader cities on the mainland of Palestine fell in 1291 • One small island stronghold lasted until 1303.

44. The Children’s Crusade • 1212 AD • 20,000 take up the cross • Some sold into slavery • Some make it to Holy Land—die fighting (?)

45. Crusades died out • Lack of interest, rising European prosperity • Repeated military defeats • Discredited by "crusades" against Christians (e.g., Albigensians)

46. Effects of Crusades • Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire • Vast increase in cultural horizons for many Europeans. • Stimulated Mediterranean trade. • Need to transfer large sums of money for troops and supplies led to development of banking techniques. • Rise of heraldic emblems, coats of arms • Romantic and imaginative literature.

47. Effects of Crusades • Knowledge introduced to Europe • Heavy stone masonry, construction of castles and stone churches. • Siege technology, tunneling, sapping. • Muslim minarets adopted as church spires • Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes • Enrichment was primarily from East to West--Europe had little to give in return.

48. Effects • Undermines Church/Pope’s authority • Tarnishes Church’s Image • Kings become more prosperous /centralized government • Merchants become wealthier, more important as trade expands • European Jews persecuted/become money lenders (usury) • Feudalism on the wane. Increase in trade=cities on the rise

49. A Population Explosion • Population from 1000 AD to 1150 AD: • increases 40% • from 30 million to 42 million