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The Integumentary System

The Integumentary System. AHCP. SOME FACTS ABOUT THE SKIN THAT YOU ARE IN…. Its Waterproof, Stretchable,Washable, yet Tough!. Its automatically repairs small cuts, rips & burns & is guaranteed to last a lifetime. It weighs 7% of your body weight!. Functions of the Integumentary System.

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The Integumentary System

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  1. The Integumentary System AHCP

  2. SOME FACTS ABOUT THE SKIN THAT YOU ARE IN… • Its Waterproof, Stretchable,Washable, yet Tough! • Its automatically repairs small cuts, rips & burns & is guaranteed to last a lifetime • It weighs 7% of your body weight!

  3. Functions of the Integumentary System • Chemical: acid secretions slows bacterial growth (ring tarnish!) 1. Protection: provides 3 types of barriers B. Biological: Macrophages = wbc’s patrol skin • C. Physical barriers: few things able to enter: • Some Fat-soluble substances • Poisons (poison ivy) • Solvents- paint thinner • Heavy metals- lead & mercury FYI: Transdermal patches are soaked in oils/solvents to carry drug Across - nicotine, birth control & motion sickness!

  4. Functions 2. Temperature Control 3. Makes Vitamin D - sunlight converts cholesterol in dermis to Vit. D3 which is needed for calcium uptake 4. Sensation - touch, pressure, pain & temp 5. Storage - fats 6. Excretion (wastes) & Secretions (milk)

  5. What Is The Structure of Skin? 3 Layers: • Epidermis • Composed of epithelial tissue (stratified squamous) • avascular • Dermis – underlies the epidermis • Tough leathery layer composed of fibrous connective tissue • Good supply of blood • Hypodermis (a.k.a subcutaneous layer -not considered skin) • Made of adipose and loose connective tissue • Stores fat, anchors skin, protects against blows

  6. Epidermis Dermis Basement membrane

  7. What are the different types of cells in the epidermis? 1. Keratinocytes • Make the protein keratin = tough & water resistant • Are formed in lowest levels & push up by production of new cells below • Become dead and scale-like, millions rub off everyday FYI: Everything you see on a person is dead! Outer 20-30 cells thick. Average person sheds 40 pounds of these in a lifetime!

  8. What are the different types of cells in the epidermis? • Make pigment melanin (melan= black) 2. Melanocytes • Absorbs ultraviolet light so skin is not damaged melanocyte Melanin in keratinocytes

  9. What are the different types of cells in the epidermis? 3. White blood cells • They Macrophages, which patrol & eat bacteria/viruses Langerhans’ cell

  10. What are the different types of cells in the epidermis? 4. Sensory Cells • Connected to nerve cells from dermis • Sense touch.

  11. Characteristics of the Dermis • Connective tissue has lots of collagen & elastic fibers - gives skin strength • Thickest = Palms/soles • Thinnest = Eyelids • Extensibility = able to stretch (elbow skin) • Elasticity = able to return to its original shape after extension/contraction (pregnancy & swelling)

  12. More Characteristics… • Sense Receptors: touch & pressure receptors • Ridges formed from papillary layer form finger prints. http://bio.rutgers.edu/~gb102/lab_5/104bm.html

  13. What are the major structures in Dermis? • Sweat glands • Sebaceous glands • Hairs • Nails

  14. Sweat Glands • Watery sweat • Heat & waste loss (all over skin - lots on palms/soles) 1. Common sweat (merocrine) 2. “Funky” sweat (apocrine) • Milky/yellow thick sweat - thought to be scent glands • Starts at puberty • Armpits & groin 3. Ear wax! (ceruminous) 4. Milk (mammary)

  15. Sweat Glands • Watery sweat • Heat & waste loss (all over skin - lots on palms/soles) 1. Merocrine (common sweat glands) 2. Apocrine (“funky”)

  16. Sweat glands

  17. Sebaceous Glands • Softens and lubricates hair and skin • Sebum = oil - around hair follicles, none on palms/soles • Slows water loss and kills bacteria • Blackheads - built up sebum • Pimples - Built up sebum is a nutrient for bacteria (puss!)

  18. Sebaceous Glands

  19. Hair • 2 parts = shaft & root • Made of dead keratinized skin cells • Function = Protection! • FYI on Hair: • You have about 100,000 hairs on your head • You lose about 100/day • It grows ~0.5 in/month - goes through cycles • Hirsutism = excessive hair growth (often in women due to disease)

  20. Hair • You have about 100,000 hairs on your head • You lose about 100/day • It grows ~0.5 in/month - goes through cycles • Hirsutism = excessive hair growth (often in women due to disease)

  21. Hair Follicles

  22. Hair Follicles

  23. NAILS FYI: Nails & Hair DON’T grow after death - skin just shrinks! • A scale-like modification of the epidermis • Made of tightly compressed keratinized cells • Useful tools to pick up small objects or scratch an itch. • Nail matrix is the region responsible for nail growth.

  24. What causes the color of skin? • 3 pigments contribute to skin color • 1. Melanin • Range in color from yellow to reddish-brown to black • Everyone has the same # of melanocytes but make varying amounts & colors • Sunlight increases production! • Clusters create moles & freckles • 2. Carotene-yellow to orange pigment found in foods. • Most in the palms or soles. 3. Hemoglobin- Red blood (from dermal layer)gives a pinkish hue to fair skin

  25. Aging Skin (A billion dollar industry!) • Major Age-Related Changes • Injury and infection increase • Immune cells decrease • Sun protection diminishes • Skin becomes dry, scaly • Hair thins, grays • Sagging, wrinkles occur • Heat loss decreases • Repair slows = loses melanin & fills with air!

  26. Skin Injury & Repair

  27. Skin Injury & Repair

  28. Skin Cancer • Benign lesions such as warts and moles are not serious. • Malignant tumors can start on the skin and invade other body areas. • Crucial risk factor- overexposure to UV radiation

  29. Types of Skin Cancer • Basal cell carcinoma- most common, 30% of all white skin people get it. • 99% curable if caught early • Dome shaped nodules that form an ulcer in the center. • Squamous Cell carcinoma- • Grows rapidly and metastasizes if not removed • Small red rounded elevation on the skin

  30. Basal Cell Carcinoma

  31. Squamous cell carcinoma

  32. Lesion removed from patient Basal Cell Carcinoma

  33. Skin Cancer Types cont. • Melanoma • Cancer of melanocytes (very dangerous) • 5% of skin cancers but rising fast • Can arise from preexisting moles • Appears as a spreading brown or black patch • Chance of survival is poor if the lesion is greater than 4 mm thick

  34. Melanoma

  35. What is the ABCD rule? • Used for recognizing melanoma

  36. Second-degree burns Third-degree burn

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