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Biologists’ Tools and Technology

Biologists’ Tools and Technology. Section 1.4. Compound Light Microscope. Compound light microscopes: Used to view living or preserved specimens Light passes through the specimen Stains are often used to view specimens Uses two lenses to magnify specimens

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Biologists’ Tools and Technology

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  1. Biologists’ Tools and Technology Section 1.4

  2. Compound Light Microscope • Compound light microscopes: • Used to view living or preserved specimens • Light passes through the specimen • Stains are often used to view specimens • Uses two lenses to magnify specimens • Clearly magnifies up to 1500x actual size

  3. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) • Scanning Electron Microscopes: • Scans the surface of a specimen with a beam of electrons • Provides 3D images of specimens

  4. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) • Transmission Electron Microscopes: • Transmit electrons through a thin slice of a specimen • Provides 2-D images of a specimen • TEM’s cannot be used on living specimens • Magnify up to 500,000X

  5. Let’s visit http://www.classzone.com to view images from a: • Compound Light Microscope • Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) • Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

  6. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): • Uses a strong magnetic field to produce a cross-section image of a specific part of the body • Is a good tool for viewing soft tissues (ligaments, cartilage, or the brain)

  7. X-Rays • X-Rays: • Uses high energy radiation to take pictures of dense tissue (bones) • Cannot provide information about soft tissues (brain, cartilage or ligaments)

  8. Ultrasounds • Ultrasound: • Uses high-frequency sound waves that can be bounced off of tissues using special devices. The echoes are then converted into a picture called a sonogram. Ultrasound imaging, referred to as ultrasonography, allows physicians and patients to get an inside view of soft tissues and body cavities, without using invasive techniques. • Reference: www.medicinenet.com

  9. Computerized Tomography Scan(CT Scan) • CT Scans: • Form pictures of structures within the body created by a computer that takes the data from multiple X-ray images and turns them into pictures on a screen. • The CT scan can reveal some soft-tissue and other structures that cannot even be seen in conventional X-rays. Using the same dosage of radiation as that of an ordinary X-ray machine, an entire slice of the body can be made visible with about 100 times more clarity with the CT scan. • Reference: www.medterms.com

  10. Computer Modeling • Computer modeling has greatly expanded biological research. It allows for computer-aided simulations to be utilized in place of traditional experiments when experiments are not practical due to safety issues or ethical concerns. For example, computer models can be used to: • Study epidemiology (disease epidemics) • Determine affects of new medicines and vaccines on the human body • Study molecular genetics (DNA sequencing) Heart Attack Computer generated view of blood flow in the heart. Healthy Heart

  11. Molecular Genetics & Genomics • Molecular genetics is the study and manipulation of DNA on a molecular level. It is used to study: • Evolution • Ecology • Biochemistry • Heredity • By combining molecular genetics and computer modeling every gene in the human body has been located and mapped out through the Human Genome Project. Genomics is the study and comparison of genomes within and among species.

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