Education, Jim Crow, and entertainment

1. Education, Jim Crow, and entertainment

2. In 1870, only 2% of all 17 year olds graduated from high school By 1900 – 32 states had laws that required children between the ages of 8 and 14 to attend school By 1910, 60% of American children attended school with more than a million students in high school

3. In an effort to limit child labor, parents pushed for local governments to provide funding for schools • Literacy – the ability to read and write • Goal of immigrants • Schools worked to assimilate immigrants into daily life • Assimilation – process by which people of one culture become part of another culture

4. Segregation (separation) of the races meant different educational experiences African Americans, Mexicans, and Native Americans Only a small percentage of Native Americans were receiving formal schooling in 1900

5. 1880-1900 – 250 new colleges and universities opened Wealthy people supported them 1885 – Leland Stanford – Stanford University John D. Rockefeller gave a total of $40 million to the University of Chicago Colleges

6. Philanthropists – gave money to establish women’s colleges • For example, Vassar College in New York in 1865 • However, some schools would not allow men and women together • Women’s schools were opened along side the men’s schools • Brown College (Pembroke), Harvard (Radcliffe) Women and College

7. Some schools did allow men and women to study together • Oberlin • Knox • Antioch • Cornell • Boston University • Most scholarships went to men

8. Fear that college would make women unmanageable and unmarriageable

9. 1890 – only 160 African Americans were attending white colleges All African American colleges 1856 – Wilberforce University in Ohio – nation’s oldest private African American School African Americans and College in the 1800s

10. Founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama • Taught students to focus on vocational skills • Said whites would accept once blacks succeeded economically • 1901 Up From Slavery • 1901 – invited to the White House by Theodore Roosevelt Booker T. Washington

11. Graduated from Fisk University in Nashville and went on to become the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard • Niagara Movement – called for full civil liberties, an end to racial discrimination, and recognition of human brotherhood • Disagreed with Booker T. Washington • Eventually worked for the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) W.E.B. Dubois

13. Saloons – most popular Dance halls Cabarets – musical shows Trolley parks – amusement parks built at the end of trolley lines Moving pictures – 1903 – The Great Train Robbery by 1908 – 8,000 nickelodeons - 5 cents Popular amusements in the Late 1800s

14. Inexpensive variety show that first appeared in the 1870s Comedy, dance, ventriloquists, jugglers, trapeze artists Vaudeville

15. Boxing Horse Racing Baseball – most popular 1869 – first professional team – Cincinnati Red Stockings Football – adapted from European game Basketball – invented by Dr. Naismith to keep athletes fit during the winter months Sports

16. Ice skating Bicycling Women began wearing shirtwaists (ready-made blouses that tucked into shorter or split skirts Dress code made women’s sports difficult Sports continued…

17. Comics, sports sections, Sunday editions, women’s pages, etc. Yellow Journalism – sensational news, sometimes invented facts Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst Newspapers

18. McClure’s, Cosmopolitan Mark Twain The Gilded Age, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Magazines

19. Negro Spirituals Minstrel Shows – white actors performed in “black face” Ragtime and Jazz – Scott Joplin – St. Louis African American Influences

20. Voting restrictions • By 1890s, had to own property and pay a fee to vote (poll tax) • Literacy tests • Grandfather clauses – passage of a piece of legislation that exempts a group of people from obeying a law provided they met certain conditions before that law was passed (people could vote if their ancestors had voted – allowed poor whites to vote) African americans in the South

21. Jim Crow Laws – named after a minstrel song and dance routine • Began to appear a few years after the end of Reconstruction • Dominated every aspect of daily life • Separation of blacks and white in schools, parks, public buildings, hospitals, transportation systems, water fountains, public toilets • Different sections at theaters Segregation

23. 1896 Separate, but Equal ruling Homer Plessy felt his rights were violated when he was not able to ride on train in Louisiana with whites The Supreme Court ruled that segregation can exist, but facilities must be equal Plessy Vs. Ferguson

24. Illegal seizure and execution of a person, usually by hanging 1882-1892 – 1,200 black people were lynched GO TO www.withoutsanctuary.com and see the postcards of lynchings. Lynching

26. Segregation existed in the north Competition for jobs led to problems 1900 – race riot in New York City 1908 – race riot in Springfield, Illinois Northern Discrimination

27. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 1910 By 1914 – 6,000 members 1914 – Supreme Court ruled grandfather clauses unconstitutional NAACP

28. Department stores – wide variety of goods in larger quantities (for example, Macy’s 1858) Farm families wanted access too RFD – Rural Free Delivery from the Post Office (started in 1896) Mail order catalogs (Montgomery Ward, Sears and Roebuck

29. After the Civil War – took part in voluntary roles Women’s clubs Dating started to occur outside the home “New women” Pushed for more information about birth control Margaret Sanger – New York Nurse who supported birth control Women