Unit 5 Becoming an Industrial Society- Answers

1. Unit 5Becoming an Industrial Society- Answers Complete the Guided Reading as you view the Power Point.

2. Goal 5: • Objective 5.01: Evaluate the influence of immigration and rapid industrialization on urban life. • Essential Questions: • • How did immigration and industrialization shape urban life? • • How did the rapid industrialization of the Gilded Age create economic, social, and political change in the U.S.? • • Did immigration and rapid industrialization have a positive or negative impact on the economic and social structure of the United States?

3. Industrialization Immigration and Urban Life

4. Important Inventions: • After the Civil War the U.S. continued to become anindustrializedsociety • Inventions that helped industrialization: • Telegraph- Samuel Morse- increased communicationfor people and businesses • Telephone- Alexander Graham Bell- increased communication for people and businesses • Light Bulb- Thomas Edison-people could see after sunset, work longerhours, and produce more products • Elevators- allowed people and businesses to operate in tall buildings • Typewriter- increased the rate that letters and documents could be written and exchanged

5. Typewriter

6. Migration to the Cities and Immigration to the United States: • Many people left their farms and moved to the citywhere they could earn higher wages • Rising farm costs and declining prices for agricultural products • Many people from other countries moved to the United States in the late 1800’s • Irish- potato famine • Displaced workers from Europe due to industrialization • Most came from Europe and settled in the Northeast

7. Migration to the Cities and Immigration to the United States: • Why is it important? • To handle the large number of immigrants the federal government opened Ellis Island in 1892 • Located near Statue of Liberty in New York harbor • Reception center for immigrants arriving by ship • Immigrants were examined by doctors to avoid the spread of disease • Mentally and physically disabled were often not allowed entrance into the United States

8. Statue of Liberty:

9. Ellis Island:

10. Ellis Island and the Statue of Liberty:

11. Ellis Island:

12. Discovery Education Videos: • Visit Ellis Island • Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island

13. Migration to the Cities and Immigration to the United States: • Immigrants experienced culture shock as they moved to the United States and were surrounded by many different people an cultures they were not accustomed to • The increased number of immigrants and people moving to cities made urban areas population grow during the late 1800’s • Before 1870 most immigrants were from WesternEurope and found it easy to adapt to United States culture

14. Migration to the Cities and Immigration to the United States: • After 1870 many immigrants came from Easternand Southern Europe • Why is it important? • Most spoke different languages • Many practiced different religions such as Judaism and Catholicism • This caused most Eastern and Southern European immigrants to have a difficult transition into American culture

15. Migration to the Cities and Immigration to the United States: • The American culture developed into a melting pot • Melting Pot: a place where people of all backgrounds could come and blend into American society • Most immigrants did not want to assimilate into American culture they wanted to maintain the traditions of their own cultures • As more people from different countries moved to America, cities began to experience cultural pluralism

16. Problems and Concerns: • Positive effects of immigration: greater diversity, larger labor force for industries • Problems from immigration: • Americans thought immigrants took their jobs • Americans mistrusted foreigners • Americans were suspicious of ethnic ghettos • Ethnic Ghettos: Areas in the inner cities where immigrants from certain regions or countries lived together due to common culture, language, and heritage

17. Problems and Concerns: • Many Americans saw immigrants’ desire to continue their culture as disloyal to the United States • Religious differenced were a big problem concerning immigration • Most Americans were Protestant while most immigrants were Catholic or Jewish- this created a problem for many Americans • Problems also arose within the immigrant communities as people from different nations and ethnic groups developed rivalries with one another

18. Nativism and Restrictions on Immigration: • As ideas of nativism grew (people opposed to immigration) hate groups like the Know-Nothings increased • Immigrants often faced violence and discrimination • The government reacted to nativism concerns by passinglawstorestrictimmigration to the U.S. • Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882: prohibited Chinese immigrants from legally coming to the U.S.- was not repealed until 1943

19. Living and Working Conditions Among Immigrants: • Many immigrants experienced difficult living and working conditions • Many lived in tenements- small, overcrowded apartments • Large families often lived in one room apartments that were unsanitary and unsafe • Immigrants worked long hours underhazardous conditions for low wages in factories • Some worked in sweatshops- makeshift factories in small apartments or unused buildings • Why is it important? • Sweatshops were poorly lit, poorly ventilated and unsafe • Sweatshops would hire poor workers to work long hours for little pay

20. Tenements

21. Tenement Neighborhood

22. Child Labor

23. Chinese Factory 2011

24. Reformers and the Social Gospel: • Thetroublesfaced by immigrants inspired many reformers to offer theirhelp • Jacob Riis wrote “How the Other Half Lives” and was able to get New York to pass lawsaimed at improving tenements living conditions • Jane Addams- part of the Social Gospel- people who believed their Christian faith required them to take an active role in social issues of the day

25. Reformers and the Social Gospel: • Jane Addams is referred to as the Mother of Social Work • She opened and ran Hull House- a settlement house in Chicago • Settlement House- established in poor neighborhoods where social activists would live and from which they would offer assistance to immigrants and underprivileged citizens

26. Urban Life in the Age of Industrialization: • Urban life changedas populations in cities grew • Electric Trolley- transportation that allowed people to live outside the city but still be able to work and play inside the city (later people used trains and subways) • Why is it important? • Suburbs developed- • Divisions in economic classes developed • Middle and upper classes moved to the suburbs and left the poorer classes and immigrants in the cities

27. Trolley Car

28. Urban Life in the Age of Industrialization: • Onfarmspeople worked until all the work was completed • Leisure activities were limited to certain celebrations and seasons • With industrialization factory workers worked by the clock and looked for new activities to entertain them after hours

29. Urban Life in the Age of Industrialization: • Why is it important? • They began to look for leisure activities to entertain themselves after work • Saloons became popular as places to drink, meet people, and talk • Dance halls and cabarets developed (musical shows) • Amusement parks and Vaudeville shows developed (variety shows like America’s Got Talent, X Factor) • Movies and spectator sports developed • City parks developed • New York’s Central Park is the most famous • Designed by Frederick Olmstead- a famous landscape architect • Desigen Olmstead Park in Raleigh

30. Goal 5: • Objective 5.02: Explain how business and industrial leaders accumulated wealth and wielded political and economic power. • Essential Questions: • • What characteristics were vital to the success of industrial leaders of the Gilded Age? • • How did captains of industry accumulate wealth and power? • • Should an individual be allowed to accumulate as much wealth as possible?

31. The Rise of Big Business: • Industrialization brought new opportunities and chances to make money • Some Americans became very, very wealthy • This wealth changed the role of American business and the role of the government in the nation’s economy (economy deals with money and business)

32. Giants of Early U.S. Industrialization: • STEEL!!!!!! • 1850’s Henry Bessemer developed a method for making steel known as the Bessemer process • Manufacturers could make steel much quicker and more efficiently • Why is it important? • Increased production of steel meant faster expansion of railroads and more construction of buildings • Steel became very important to the nation’s economy

33. Giants of Early U.S. Industrialization: • Andrew Carnegie- dominated the steel industry • Carnegie’s company controlled the steel industry through a process known as vertical integration- the company owns the company that produces the finished product but also the companies that provide the materials necessary for production- they own it all from start to finish

34. Giants of Early U.S. Industrialization: • Carnegie owned steel mills, iron ore and coal mines, railroads and ships that transported resources and products • Carnegie formed a monopoly- control over the supply of a product with no competition • Carnegie believed in the Gospel of Wealth- responsibility of wealthy to spend money on helping others, not waste it

35. Giants of Early U.S. Industrialization: • OIL!!!!!! • Edwin Drake successfully drilled for oil in Pennsylvania • John D. Rockefeller- became one of the nation's richest and most powerful businessmen • Rockefeller owned Standard Oil- the nation’s first trust • Trust- business arrangement under which several companies unite into one system-GOALis to destroy competition and create monopolies • Through the trust Rockefeller was able to dictate prices, eliminate competition and control the U.S. industry • Like Carnegie, Rockefeller used vertical integration and owned all the steps in producing his oil

36. Giants of Early U.S. Industrialization: • Cornelius Vanderbilt- extended his New York Central railroad to Chicago, Illinois • Why is it important? • Travelers could go from New York to Chicago without having to change trains • Helped railroad industry by making travel faster and easier for passengers

37. Biltmore House Asheville, North Carolina

38. Giants of Early U.S. Industrialization: • The change in business brought a new business leader- finance capitalist- bankers who applied economic influence through companies’ stocks and bonds • J.P. Morgan was the most powerful finance capitalist • Morgan eventually influenced control over banks, insurance companies, and stock market operations • Morgan and his company had assets of over $22 billion • Morgan bought Carnegie’s steel company and formed US Steel- the price he paid made Carnegie the richest man in the WORLD!

39. Giants of Early U.S. Industrialization: • George Westinghouse founded Westinghouse Electric Companyand made electricity more accessible to all people and developed new ways electrical power could be used

40. Giants of Early U.S. Industrialization: • Industrial leaders established powerthrough monopolies, trusts, and interlocking directorates • Interlocking Directorates allowed directors of one company to serve as directors for other companies • Why is it important? • These leaders controlled entire industries, increased their wealth, and eliminated competition • These leaders became super wealthy during the age of industrialization

41. Social Darwinism and the Gilded Age: • Mid 1800’s Herbert Spencer introduced a concept known as Social Darwinism • Social Darwinism- used the theories of Charles Darwin to argue life is a battle for the “survival of the fittest”(the strongest survive) • Many business leaders supported this idea and used it as a foundation for their business beliefs • They used it to support their belief in laissez-faire capitalism- keep government out of business or try to regulate it • They believed it was best for the country and the economy if only those industries who were the strongest survived

42. Social Darwinism and the Gilded Age: • They believed that supply and demand could dictate business actions without the “unnatural” interference of government • Many people agreed with the ideas of the business leaders • One reason was the belief that anyone could become rich if they tried hard enough • In the children’s book “Horatio Alger” Horatio was able to go from poverty to wealth through hard work and determination

43. Social Darwinism and the Gilded Age: • Not everyone agreed with Social Darwinism • Many believed that the wealth of a few came to them at the expense of the poor • They referred to the leaders of industry not as captains of industry, but as robber barons- greedy, rich, unethical businessmen • They did not believe business leaders should become rich while workers remained poor with unsafe, unsanitary working conditions

44. Social Darwinism and the Gilded Age: • The period from 1877 to the early 1900’s became known as the Gilded Age • The Gilded Age is a term from writer Mark Twain- it refers to a time when a thin layer of prosperity was covering the poverty and corruption that existed in most of American society

45. Goal 5: • Objective 5.03: Assess the impact of labor unions on industry and the lives of workers. • Essential Questions: • • Why social, economic, and political factors led to the need for the formation of labor unions? • • To what extent were labor unions effective in meeting the political, economic, and social needs of laborers? • • How effective were labor unions in improving the lives of American workers?

46. Workers and the Labor Unions

47. Conditions of the Worker: • Work in factories was monotonous, with long hours, low pay and very dangerous • Workers did not have Social Security or unemployment benefits at this time • Child Labor was common • To help pay the bills children as young as 5 years old would workin factories and not go to school • With no education they had little hope of every working another job or improving life’s situation

48. The Unions: • Unions- organizations of workers formed to protect the interest of its members • 2 kinds of unions • Craft Union- unions for skilled workers with a specific craft • Trade Union- unions for less skilled workers • Famous Unions from the late 1800’s • Knights of Labor • American federation of Labor

49. The Knights of Labor: • 1869- hoped to organize all working men and women into a single union • Included factory workers, farmers, shopkeepers, office workers • It included African Americans • Supported equal pay for equal work, 8 hour workdays, the end of child labor • Union ended by the 1890’s

50. The AmericanFederation of Labor (AFL): • 1886- Craft Union led by Samuel Gompers • Supported issues ofwages, working hours and working conditions • Used strikes and boycotts as economic pressure to support workers • Strike- when employees refuse to work until business owners meet certain demands • Boycott- refusal to buy or pay for certain products to force owners to change policies or actions