KEY CONCEPT Roots and stems form the support system of vascular plants.

1. KEY CONCEPTRoots and stems form the support system of vascular plants.

2. Roots provide many functions. support the plant absorb, transport, and store nutrients root hairs help absorption Roots anchor plants and absorb mineral nutrients from soil.

3. root cap • There are several parts of a root. • root cap covers the tip

4. apical meristem • There are several parts of a root. • root cap covers the tip • apical meristem is an area of growth

5. vascular cylinder contains xylem and phloem vascular cylinder • There are several parts of a root. • root cap covers the tip • apical meristem is an area of growth

6. Fibrous root systems have fine branches. Taproot Fibrous root • There are two main types of roots. • Taproot systems have one main root.

7. Stems have many functions. support leaves and flowers house most of the vascular system store water Baobab trees Cactus Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage.

8. grow underground for storage Ginger rhizomes Potato tubers Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage. • Stems have many functions. • support leaves and flowers • house most of the vascular system • store water

9. grow underground for storage Strawberry stolons Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage. • Stems have many functions. • support leaves and flowers • house most of the vascular system • store water • form new plants

10. Some stems are herbaceous and conduct photosynthesis.

11. Some stems can be woody, and form protective bark.

12. Secondary growth increases a plant’s width. • Primary growth increases a plant’s length.

13. Tree rings help determine the age of a tree. bark bands heartwood one year of growth sapwood

14. Root hairs anchor plants and help them absorb water and minerals by • Protecting the growing part of the root • Producing more xylem and phloem • Increasing the root’s surface area • Lengthening the tips of roots

15. Where is the vascular cylinder of a root? • Covering the tip • Just behind the root cap • In the center of the root • Inside the meristem

16. What are the two basic forms of roots? • Fibrous roots and taproots • Long taproots and short taproots • Fine-branched roots and thick-branched roots • Vascular cylinders and meristems

17. Divisions of a plant’s apical meristem cells produces • Primary growth • Secondary growth • Ring growth • Lateral meristem growth

18. What can you infer from a thick annual ring inside a thin annual ring in a tree trunk? • Low precipitation followed by high precipitation • A short ring followed by a very cold winter • secondary growth followed by primary growth • Good conditions followed by harsher conditions