Cell Structure Review

1. Cell Structure Review And Microscopes

2. All organisms are made of cells • The cell carries out the basic functions of life • All new cells arise from preexisting cells What are the 3 parts to the cell theory???

3. Matthias Schleiden (Plant Cells) • Theodore Schwann (Animal Cells) • Rudolph Virchow (Cells come from pre-existing cells) Which scientists contributed to the Cell Theory?

4. This scientist observed cork cells… • Robert Hooke Follow up, he saw “boxes” under the microscope, which he termed… CELLS!

5. Unicellular • No Nucleus • SIMPLE • Carries out Life Functions • Examples: Archaeabacteria/Eubactera Prokaryotes

6. Cell Wall • Cell Membrane • Ribosome • DNA LABEL IT!

7. Cell Wall • Cell Membrane • Ribosome • DNA Cell Membrane Cell Wall Ribosome LABEL IT! DNA

8. Multi/unicellular • NUCLEUS IS PRESENT • Has membrane bound organelles (VERY COMPLEX) • Carries out Life Functions • Examples: Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals Eukaryotes Hint – Remember YOUkaryotic

9. Plant or Animal? ANIMAL

10. plant Plant or Animal?

11. Specialized structures that perform important functions within a eukaryotic cell. Organelle!

12. Holds nearly all of the cell’s DNA, which has the coded directions for making proteins and other important molecules. • Can be thought of as the “control center” of the cell. • Surrounded by an envelope with many holes that allow materials to move into and out of the nucleus. NUCLEUS

13. A small area within the nucleus where the ribosomes are SYNTHESIZED • Condensed section… NUCLEOLUS

14. “Storage facility” of the cell. Large membrane sacs that can hold materials such as water (especially in plant cells), salts, proteins and sugars. • Smaller pouches that store and transport materials throughout the cell. Vacuoles & Vesicles

15. “Clean-up crew” of the cell. (Trashcan) • Small organelle filled with enzymes that break down lipids, sugars and proteins into smaller molecules. Lysosomes

16. Made up of many protein filaments running through the cytoplasm. • Gives the cell its shape, internal organization and helps organelles move throughout the cell Cytoskeleton

17. Small structures that help to organize and coordinate cell division • Animals ONLY Centrioles

18. Jello of the cell! • The fluid portion of the cell outside the nucleus. • All of the organelles are suspended within this! CYTOPLASM

19. “Factory workers” of the cell. • Made up of RNA. • Responsible for creating proteins based on the instructions provided by DNA • Smaller in Pro/Larger in Euk Ribosomes

20. “Assembly line” of the cell. • Organelle where lipid parts of the cell membrane are put together. • Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

21. Of the rough and smooth ER this is the site of detoxification of drugs! • Specifically Makes lipids SMOOTH ER

22. What does the ROUGH ER do?? Assist with Protein Synthesis & Transport

23. “Packaging center” of the cell. • Modifies, sorts and packages proteins from the ER. • Makes packages for storage in the cell or for release outside the cell. • PANCAKES OF THE CELL (YUM!) GOLGI APPARATUS

24. Plant Cells ONLY • “Solar power plant” • Takes energy from sunlight and changes it into chemical energy the plant can use FOLLOW UP – pigment found here?!?!? CHLOROPLAST Chlorophyll

25. POWER HOUSE OF THE CELL (ATP) • Converts chemical energy from food into energy the cell can more easily use MITOCHONDRIA

26. Supports, shapes, protects the cell • Plants, prokaryotes, some fungi CELL WALL

27. A strong, flexible barrier that controls what materials enter and leave the cell. • All cells have this CELL MEMBRANE

28. Hollow tubes composed of proteins which make up various structures in different types of cells. • Can be synthesized or broken down as needed. 1. Cytoskeleton 2. Flagella 3. Cilia 4. Centrioles Follow up – WHAT ARE THE 4 TYPES WE DISCUSSED??!? Microtubules

29. Tiny hairs • Aid in movement of protists • Move materials across the body • Surfaces in humans • Cilia line our RESPIRATORY tract • Help clear out debris with aid of mucus • Act as propellers and allow an organism to move • Long hair-like structure • Sperm Cells • Euglena Cilia vs. Flagella

32. Eyepiece 10x, Objective 40x Total magnification: ___________ • Eyepiece 5x, Objective 20x Total magnification: ___________ • Eyepiece 10x, Objective 10x Total magnification: _________ If we know how many times bigger our sample appears to be, then we can get a better idea of how big the sample actually is. Practice Calculating Total Magnification

33. Eyepiece 10x, Objective 40x Total magnification: ___________ • Eyepiece 5x, Objective 20x Total magnification: ___________ • Eyepiece 10x, Objective 10x Total magnification: _________ If we know how many times bigger our sample appears to be, then we can get a better idea of how big the sample actually is. 400x 100 x 100x Practice Calculating Total Magnification

34. Eye Piece Ocular Rotating Nosepiece Arm Scanning Low Stage High Stage Clips Coarse Fine Diaphragm Lamp Light Source Base

35. FIELD OF VIEW Here is the website: http://virtualurchin.stanford.edu/microscope.htm

43. Optimal magnification The optimal magnification is NOT always the highest magnification!

44. Sand Dollar Juvenile

45. Sand Dollar Larva

46. Sand Dollar Embryo

47. Human Hair

48. Blade of Grass