Heat is the transfer of thermal energy. Heat can be moved in several ways.

2. HEAT • Heat is the transfer of thermal energy. • Heat can be moved in several ways. • The transfer of heat energy affects our climate.

3. Conduction • Thermal Energy flows from something warm to something cool. • The transfer of energy between matter with different temperatures is heat. • A heat source is anything that gives off energy that particles of matter can take in. • When solids are touching, heat energy moves by conduction. • Conduction is the transfer of heat energy by one thing touching another.

4. Conduction • If you place a metal spoon in a pot of boiling water, the spoon’s particles that touch the water start to move. • As they move more quickly, they crash into the particles in the spoon’s handle. • More and more crashes take place. • Soon, heat energy from the water moves throughout the spoon. The transfer continues until both the water and the spoon are the same temperature. (A wooden spoon would not get hot)

5. Conductors and Insulators Metal • Some materials let heat move through them more easily than others do. • A material that readily allows heat to move is a CONDUCTOR(like the metal spoon). • Many metals such as aluminum, copper, and iron, conduct heat well. If you place and iron pan on a burner, it gets hot quickly!

6. Conductors and Insulators Wood • You also know that some things (wooden spoon) do not get too warm even when they touch something hot. • They are insulators. • An INSULATOR is a material that limits the amount of heat that passes through it. Why does this chef have to use a towel to hold the metal handle on the pot but can hold the wooden spoon with his bare hands? Turn and talk with your A/B partner.

7. Conductors and Insulators Marble • Since ancient times, marble has been used in buildings and monuments because it is strong and beautiful. • It resists fires and erosion. Marble is also in insulator. • A slab of marble is helpful in the kitchen. Its cool smooth surface is a perfect place to mix tasty treats. Why do you think they use a frozen slab of marble at Marble Stone Creamery?

8. Conductors and Insulators Plastic • Do you know why so many foods are served in foam containers? • The plastic foam that is used is to make the containers has many small air pockets. • The plastic is not the only insulator, air is a good insulator too! • The plastic and the air insulators keep the food at the right temperature.

9. Conductors and Insulators (4 minute video)

11. Electric Charges • We have all been shocked by static electricity. • STATIC ELECTRICITY happens when positive and negative charges no longer balance.

12. Flowing Electric Charges • To study how electricity moves, scientists build models called circuits. • Electric charges travel though different materials at different speeds.

13. Flowing Electric Charges • Static electricity stays in one place, but most electricity is on the go. • An ELECTRIC CURRENT is an electric charge in motion. • The electric charge flows from one place to another. An electric current travels quickly and invisibly.

14. Studying a model of a circuit is a good way to learn how charges travel. • Turn to page 379 in your science book and you will see a model of a circuit. A circuit is a loop.

15. In order for charges to flow through it, it must be a CLOSED CIRCUIT which means it cannot have any breaks. • An OPEN CIRCUIT has at least one break.

16. Flowing Electric Charges • The flow of electric charge is not the same in all materials. • Materials made up of atoms that charge more easily are good conductors. • Copper wire and most metals are good conductors.

17. Flowing Electric Charges • Other materials are made up of atoms that do not become charged easily. • Electric charge moves through them more slowly. • These materials are insulators. • Plastic, rubber, glass, and dry wood are good insulators.

18. Two Types of Circuits • In a simple circuit, known as a SERIES CIRCUIT, electrical charge can flow only in one path. • When the power source is turned on, the charged particles in the wire start flowing in one direction around a single loop. • Any bulb along this path receives the same amount of electrical energy.

19. If one bulb burns out on this circuit, it acts like an “off” switch and it opens the circuit. • The other bulb won’t receive the energy it needs and it won’t light.

20. Two Types of Circuits • One way to prevent all the lights in a circuit from going out is to connect them in a parallel circuit. • A PARALLEL CIRCUIT has two or more paths for the electrical charge to follow.

21. The main loop leaves from and returns to the power source. • Along the loop, there are little loops and each little loop is a separate path for the electric charge. • If there is a break in one of the circuits, it won’t affect the other circuits.

22. magnetism • A magnet is anything that attracts other things made of iron, steel, and certain other metals. • MAGNETISM is a force that acts on moving electric charge and magnetic materials that are near a magnet.

23. Magnetic field • Each magnet has a magnetic field around it. • The magnetic field goes out in all directions. • The shape of the magnetic field depends on the shape of the magnet.

24. Magnetic poles • All magnets have two poles, a north seeking and south seeking pole. • Opposite poles have opposite charges. • Unlike charges attract each other, while like charges repel each other. Magnet Video (5:52)

25. Bill Nye Electric Circuits Video (26 minutes) • Magic School Bus Gets Charged (26 minutes)