Viral STDs

1. Viral STDs What’s the difference between love and herpes? Herpes is forever.

2. Genital Herpes

3. Herpes (HSV)

4. Herpes

5. Herpes • One in four adults have herpes. • More women than men have herpes. • Approximately thirty million Americans have the herpes virus. • There are about 500,000 new cases each year in America. • Approximately 80% of persons having a first episode caused by HSV-2 will have at least one recurrence, while only 50% of persons with HSV-1 will experience a recurrence.

6. Herpes • Type II is usually more virulent and more painful. Type I used to be associated with oral herpes (cold sores). • 1st infection (primary) more severe, recurrences usually milder. • Latency - Virus travels up into sensory nerve and lives there for life. • Outbreak - Sometimes comes out and down nerve to skin.

7. Normal Response to Infection • Any infectious agent that enters your body will eventually be taken up in your lymphatic system.

8. Normal Response to Infection • In one of your lymph nodes, the infectious agent (which we will call "Virus" in the figures) will bump into a macrophage (literally "big eater"). The macrophage will ingest the invader.

9. Normal Response to Infection • Then the macrophage takes the invader apart and displays the viral antigens on its surface for other immune cells to read.

10. Antigens are proteins specific to each particular microorganism. • The antigens act as an identity card that allows our immune system to recognize invader organisms that need to be eliminated. • After displaying the agent's antigens, the macrophage will send out a message to a T-helper cell to read and recognize the antigens.

11. T Cells and B Cells • The message activates T-helper cells and triggers the immune response. • Once the T cell has read the antigens, it will send out messages to activate other cells, known as B cells. • B cells read the antigens from the macrophage's surface

12. B Cells to the Rescue

13. B Cells Make Antibodies • The activated B cell will then produce millions of antibodies. • The antibody is a protein that will bind to an antigen. • Each antibody is unique and specific; for example, a measles antibody will only bind to a measles virus. • We produce antibodies because, given the high concentration of infectious agent that is needed to cause disease, our macrophages could not go after the invaders alone. Antibodies can outnumber the invaders and help us get rid of them.

14. Macrophages Eat Again

15. At Ease • As this process continues, the number of infectious agents will decrease and the body will need to stop the battle. • However, all the cells are still activated and the immune system needs to put them to rest. • Another kind of T cell, the T-suppressor cell (or T8 cell), will send out messages to the other cells and "de-activate" them. • Without the T-suppressor cells, the body would continue trying to fight off a disease that no longer exists (and eventually would end up fighting its own cells).

16. Hepatitis B • Acute illness causes liver inflammation, vomiting, jaundice and, rarely, death. • Chronic hepatitis B may eventually cause cirrhosis (scarring of liver) and liver cancer. • The infection is preventable by vaccination.

17. Hepatitis B • Transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids such as semen and vaginal fluids; viral DNA has been detected in the saliva, tears, and urine of chronic carriers. • Perinatal (mother to baby) infection is a major route of infection in endemic (mainly developing) countries. • Other risk factors for developing HBV infection include working in a healthcare setting, transfusions, and dialysis, acupuncture, tattooing, extended overseas travel and residence in an institution. • Hepatitis B viruses cannot be spread by holding hands, sharing eating utensils or drinking glasses, kissing, hugging, coughing, sneezing, or breastfeeding.

18. Cirrhosis of Liver

19. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) • Some varieties responsible for genital warts. • Can be treated with immune stimulant – imiquod. • Can be burned off with laser or chemicals (podophyllin, acids).

20. HPV and Cancer • Cervical cancer and others, including cancers of the vulva, vagina, penis, anus, and oropharynx (back of throat including base of tongue and tonsils). • The types of HPV that can cause genital warts are not the same as the types that can cause cancers.

21. Pap Smears with HPV Testing • Cervical cancer usually does not have symptoms until it is quite advanced. For this reason, it is important for women to get regular screening for cervical cancer.

22. HPV and Cancer • About 20 million Americans currently infected with HPV. • 6 million people become newly infected each year. • At least 50% of sexually active men and women get it at some point in their lives. • About 12,000 women get cervical cancer in the U.S. each year, • Each year there are about: • 1,500 women who get HPV-associated vulvarcancer • 500 women who get HPV-associated vaginal cancer • 400 men who get HPV-associated penile cancer • 2,700 women and 1,500 men who get HPV-associated anal cancer • 1,500 women and 5,600 men who get HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancers (cancers of the back of throat including base of tongue and tonsils)

23. HPV Prevention • 2 vaccines approved for HPV • Gardasil – Prevents infection from 2 wart causing viruses and 2 cancer causing viruses • Cervarix – prevents infection from 2 cancer causing viruses

24. Normal Response to Infection • Any infectious agent that enters your body will eventually be taken up in your lymphatic system.

25. Normal Response to Infection • In one of your lymph nodes, the infectious agent (which we will call "Virus" in the figures) will bump into a macrophage (literally "big eater"). The macrophage will ingest the invader.

26. Normal Response to Infection • Then the macrophage takes the invader apart and displays the viral antigens on its surface for other immune cells to read.

27. Antigens are proteins specific to each particular microorganism. • The antigens act as an identity card that allows our immune system to recognize invader organisms that need to be eliminated. • After displaying the agent's antigens, the macrophage will send out a message to a T-helper cell to read and recognize the antigens.

28. T Cells and B Cells • The message activates T-helper cells and triggers the immune response. • Once the T cell has read the antigens, it will send out messages to activate other cells, known as B cells. • B cells read the antigens from the macrophage's surface

29. B Cells to the Rescue

30. B Cells Make Antibodies • The activated B cell will then produce millions of antibodies. • The antibody is a protein that will bind to an antigen. • Each antibody is unique and specific; for example, a measles antibody will only bind to a measles virus. • We produce antibodies because, given the high concentration of infectious agent that is needed to cause disease, our macrophages could not go after the invaders alone. Antibodies can outnumber the invaders and help us get rid of them.

31. Macrophages Eat Again

32. At Ease • As this process continues, the number of infectious agents will decrease and the body will need to stop the battle. • However, all the cells are still activated and the immune system needs to put them to rest. • Another kind of T cell, the T-suppressor cell (or T8 cell), will send out messages to the other cells and "de-activate" them. • Without the T-suppressor cells, the body would continue trying to fight off a disease that no longer exists (and eventually would end up fighting its own cells).