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A Second Reconstruction

A Second Reconstruction. Evolution of movement: NAACP lawsuits Church leadership (SCLC) Student activists (SNCC) Black Nationalists/Power (Nation of Islam, Black Panthers, race riots) 1968: Martin and Bobby. I. Dividing Lines.

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A Second Reconstruction

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  1. A Second Reconstruction

  2. Evolution of movement: • NAACP lawsuits • Church leadership (SCLC) • Student activists (SNCC) • Black Nationalists/Power (Nation of Islam, Black Panthers, race riots) • 1968: Martin and Bobby

  3. I. Dividing Lines • CRM not a single group: splintered, merged, evolved, conflicting

  4. A. Communism • “Close ranks”: prove loyalty (a la WWI + II) gain federal support (lesson of Reconstruction), undermine Southern opponents (“outside agitators”) • Problem: Communists most vehement + active for racial equality (Scottsboro, organizing blacks, etc.) • Problem: Vietnam • Ali: "I ain't got no quarrel with them Viet Cong ... They never called me nigger." • King: “Why are you speaking about war, Dr. King? Why are you joining the voices of dissent? Peace and civil rights don’t mix, they say. Aren’t you hurting the cause of your people, they ask? And when I hear them, though I often understand the source of their concern, I am nevertheless greatly saddened, for such questions mean that the inquirers have not really known me, my commitment or my calling.”

  5. B. Class • Claudette Colvin (March 2) and Mary Louise Smith (Oct. 21) vs. Rosa Parks (Dec. 1)

  6. C. Race • Martin Luther King (Dubois) vs. Malcolm X (Washington) • Later days move toward each other • Post-1964: division w/in SNCC (Stokely Carmichael, Black Power) • Blacks and Jews: Jim Crow and Egypt; key in creation NAACP; quotas in colleges; 50% civil rights lawyers + Freedom Summer • BUT: decline anti-Semitism, class divisions, Nation of Islam (Louis Farrakhan)

  7. Key: 1950s MLK a dangerous radical • Rise of Malcolm X MLK moderate alternative • Reform vs. revolution; reform to stop revolution • JFK (about Latin America): “Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable.” • Malcolm X: “…you will never get real freedom and recognition between Black and White people in this country without destroying the country, without destroying the present political system, without destroying the present economic system, without re-writing the entire Constitution. It’ll be a complete destruction of everything that America supposedly stands for before a White man in this country will recognize a Black man as something on the same level with himself.”

  8. D. Gender • Women’s (perceived) roles in CRM: sex and typing • Few leadership roles: Fannie Lou Hamer: leader Mississippi Freedom Summer (1964) • Ella Baker: “Participatory democracy” countering “messianic style” imported from black churches: “You didn't see me on television, you didn't see news stories about me. The kind of role that I tried to play was to pick up pieces or put together pieces out of which I hoped organization might come. My theory is, strong people don't need strong leaders” • “Black man’s hour”: 1964 Civil Rights Act poison pill + EEOC NOW (1966)

  9. E. Sexuality • Bayard Rustin: founded CORE, SCLC; molded MLK into non-violent CRM leader; organized 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom • Gay: fired from Fellowship Of Reconciliation 1953; head of NAACP (Roy Wilkins) fears former CPUSA member + gay easy target: FBI (photos + alleged relationship MLK) + Strom Thurmond: "communist, draft dodger and homosexual“; 1960 resigns from SCLC

  10. II. The Beginning of the End of Jim Crow A. Factors for post-WWII movement: • 1) 2nd Great Migration: out of Jim Crow South (but 1st?) • 2) New Deal Coalition and jobs • Unions and outsourcing, to Tennessee • 3) WWII: ideology; 1950 deseg. Military (but WWI?) • 4) Reemergence of NAACP: Legal Defense Fund—Oliver Hill, “Mr. Civil Rights” Thurgood Marshall (Washington and DuBois?) • 5) Socio-economic: 1947-1951: average black income rose more homeownership, more educated (black college attendance 27,000 113,000 1930 to 1950) growth black middle class higher expectations

  11. B. 1954: Brown v. Board • Amicus curiae (friend of the court) briefs: • Veteran groups calling for democracy as legacy of WWII • Anti-Defamation League (Jews faced segregation in schools as well; quotas in Ivy League schools to limit Jewish enrollment) • Psychologists: segregation neg. self-esteem • 2003: Gratz and Grutter v. Bollinger: military argued in favor of Michigan affirmative action because need diversity in military • 1954: districts ordered to immediately integrate rise KKK + Southern Manifesto (90 Congressmen): “judicial usurpation,” judicial activism • Tom DeLay • However… • 1955: Brown II • “clarification”: integrate “with all deliberate speed” • Whenever the school districts got around to it • Better w/o Brown? Truly separate + equal better than gloss of equality?

  12. C. “A Gear Clicked in the Universe”: Montgomery, Alabama: 1955 • Summer 1955: Emmett Till murder • Dec. 5 Rosa Parks Bus boycott: 381 days of economic protest • Persisted in face of threats of violence • SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership Conference • Middle age ministers, moderate in goals and methods • Martin Luther King: charismatic, good sense of media • Boycott failed: Supreme Court action forced deseg. (Browder v. Gayle)

  13. D. Little Rock High • 1957: Gov. Orval Faubus, Arkansas National Guard to block integration by 9 black students Ike sends 101st Airborne: lukewarm on civil rights, but echoes of Civil War • Violence against Little Rock 9: acid, lit dynamite E. Greensboro, North Carolina Feb 1, 1960: 4 college students sit-in at Woolworth’s lunch counter (July: Woolworth’s integrates) spread to other cities and types (beaches, park benches, swimming pools, libraries, museums) SNCC Ike: “deeply sympathetic with the efforts of any group to enjoy the rights of equality that they are guaranteed by the Constitution”

  14. III. The End of the Beginning • A) 2001: Williams v. California: de facto vs. de jure • "This is the Mississippification of California's schools, a separate and unequal system for the have-nots that would make Linda Brown shudder." • In schools that are 96.4% minority (compared to 59% statewide): • As few as 13% of teachers have full credentials • Too few textbooks • Outdated textbooks • No access to library • No music or art classes • Too few guidance counselors • Heavy reliance on substitute teachers movies all day, everyday

  15. B. Voter Id Laws • Republican National Lawyers Association report: 311* acts of voter fraud* in the country in the last 13 years • 1947: NAACP (led by W.E.B. DuBois) went to UN Human Rights Commission to get action against US for voter suppression • March 2012: NAACP went to UN HRC to get action against US for voter suppression

  16. C. The New Jim Crow • Felony conviction disenfranchisement laws, barred from food stamps, discrimination in hiring and housing and education, excluded from juries (basically all the limits on rights of Jim Crow) • Stop and frisk programs • 2009: 39.4% of prison + jail population black, 20.6% Hispanic = 60% of incarcerated population • Blacks and Hispanics represent 13.6% and 16.3% of 2010 population, respectively (29.9% of total) • Black males 7x as likely to have a prison record as white males

  17. What if Germany had a prison and death penalty system that disproportionately affected Jews?

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