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2006 Nobel Prize in Physics 諾貝爾物理獎通俗演講 初見宇宙種子、萬物之源 於宇宙太古照片中尋找萬物起源的蛛絲馬跡

2006 Nobel Prize in Physics 諾貝爾物理獎通俗演講 初見宇宙種子、萬物之源 於宇宙太古照片中尋找萬物起源的蛛絲馬跡. Je-An Gu ( 顧哲安 ) National Center for Theoretical Sciences (NCTS). * Many thanks to Prof. K-W. Ng ( 吳建宏 ) for providing many of the slides. 2006/11/28 @ CYCU. CONTENTS. 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics (brief report).

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2006 Nobel Prize in Physics 諾貝爾物理獎通俗演講 初見宇宙種子、萬物之源 於宇宙太古照片中尋找萬物起源的蛛絲馬跡

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  1. 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics • 諾貝爾物理獎通俗演講 • 初見宇宙種子、萬物之源 • 於宇宙太古照片中尋找萬物起源的蛛絲馬跡 Je-An Gu(顧哲安) National Center for Theoretical Sciences (NCTS) * Many thanks to Prof. K-W. Ng (吳建宏) for providing many of the slides. 2006/11/28 @ CYCU

  2. CONTENTS • 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics (brief report) • History of 20th-Century Cosmology • Modern Cosmology (basics) • Story about COBE (Smoot’s view) • Outlook

  3. (from: Nobelprize.org)

  4. Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) ( relic photons of Hot Big Bang ) transparent opaque

  5. Last Scattering Surface ( http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov ) a snap shot of early universe

  6. “泛黃” 宇宙太古照片 2006 John Mather George Smoot 1978 Arno Penzias Robert Wilson (edited by Prof. Ng) AT&T Bell NASA NASA Plus many other observations

  7. (edited by Prof. Ng) (Cosmic Background Explorer) launched on Nov 18, 1989 Diffuse InfraRed Background Experiment (DIRBE) Far InfraRed Absolute Spectrophotometer (FIRAS) (DMR) Differential Microwave Radiometer

  8. (Mather) FIRAS ( wavelength: 0.05 cm – 1 cm ) Fig. 6. The first FIRAS result (Mather et al. 1990). Data had been accumulated during nine minutes in the direction of the northern galactic pole. The small squares show measurements with a conservative error estimate of 1%. The unit along the vertical axis is erg (cm s sr)1. The relation to SI units is 1 MJy sr 1 = 2.9979.107 erg (cm s sr) 1. The full line is a fit to the blackbody form.

  9. (Smoot) DMR Fig. DMR results (Smoot et al. 1992, http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/cobe/ ) in galactic coordinates (horizontally longitude from + 180° to -180°, vertically latitude from +90° to -90°, centre approximately on the Milky Way centre. The data from the 53 GHz band (6 mm wavelength) showing the near uniformity of the CMB (top), the dipole (middle) and the quadrupole and higher anisotropies with the dipole subtracted (bottom). The relative sensitivities from top to bottom are 1, 100 and 100,000. The background from the Milky Way, not following a blackbody spectrum (visible as a horizontal red band in the bottom panel), hasnot been subtracted.

  10. Importance of COBE Observation Black-body nature of CMB Found the seeds of the structures of our universe  Support Hot Big Bang model Cosmology: Science Fiction  Experimental Science (COBE: just a beginning)

  11. History of 20th-Century Cosmology

  12. One hundred years ago, • Evolution:   Static ?Expanding ? • Cosmic Structures:   "ONE" Galaxy ?"  " Galaxies ? • Compositions: ?? Universe －

  13. History of 20th-Century Cosmology 1916Einstein: General Relativity(basic framework for cosmology) 1917Einstein: cosmology constant () (for static cosmo. model) Albert Einstein

  14. History of 20th-Century Cosmology 1916 Einstein: General Relativity (basic framework for cosmology) 1917 Einstein: cosmology constant () (for static cosmo. model) Albert Einstein 1924Hubble: distance of Andromeda Nebula ~ 800,000 lyrs (outside our Milky Way galaxy) (galaxy) Edwin Hubble

  15. One hundred years ago, • Evolution:   Static ?Expanding ? • Cosmic Structures:   "ONE" Galaxy ?"  " Galaxies ? • Compositions: ?? Universe －

  16. History of 20th-Century Cosmology ( http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov ) 1920s Hubble: measure distance of nebulae 1929 Hubble’s expansion law: v = H d(H: Hubble constant) 1916 Einstein: General Relativity (basic framework for cosmology) 1917 Einstein: cosmology constant () – biggest blunder 1910 Slipher (Lowell Observatory): redshift / blueshift of nebulae 1913 Andromeda: blueshift – 300 km/s 1913 – 1916 22 nebulae: redshift – 1000 km/s 1924 Hubble: distance of Andromeda Nebula ~ 800,000 lyrs (outside our Milky Way galaxy) (galaxy)

  17. History of 20th-Century Cosmology 1916 Einstein: General Relativity (basic framework for cosmology) 1917 Einstein: cosmology constant () – biggest blunder 1910 Slipher (Lowell Observatory): redshift / blueshift of nebulae 1913 Andromeda: blueshift – 300 km/s 1913 – 1916 22 nebulae: redshift – 1000 km/s 1924 Hubble: distance of Andromeda Nebula ~ 800,000 lyrs (outside our Milky Way galaxy) (galaxy) 1920s Hubble: measure distance of nebulae 1929 Hubble’s expansion law: v = H d(H: Hubble constant)

  18. History of 20th-Century Cosmology 1916 Einstein: General Relativity (basic framework for cosmology) 1917 Einstein: cosmology constant () – biggest blunder 1910 Slipher (Lowell Observatory): redshift / blueshift of nebulae 1913 Andromeda: blueshift – 300 km/s 1913 – 1916 22 nebulae: redshift – 1000 km/s 1924 Hubble: distance of Andromeda Nebula ~ 800,000 lyrs (outside our Milky Way galaxy) (galaxy) 1920s Hubble: measure distance of nebulae 1929 Hubble’s expansion law: v = H d (H: Hubble constant) 1927 – 1933 Lemaitre(priest @ Belgium): (prototype of Big Bang) “Hypothesis of Primordial Atom”(quantum)

  19. One hundred years ago, • Evolution:   Static ?Expanding ? • Cosmic Structures:   "ONE" Galaxy ?"  " Galaxies ? • Compositions: ?? Universe － NOT YET (stay tuned)

  20. (Hot) Big Bang Static Universe Hoyle Gamow (1950: create the name “Big Bang”) Weakness: Singularity Beginning? Before Big Bang? Physics of early universe? 1948 Hoyle ; Bondi & Gold: Model of static universe

  21. History of 20th-Century Cosmology IssueOrigin and Abundance of Elements 1930s Bethe & others: Sun heated by nuclear fusion 1938 Weizsacher: Stars NOT hot enough to cook up elements There must be a very-high-temperature “fire ball”. 1940s Gamow, Alpher, Herman: model of cooking elements based on Big Bang (Alpher, Bethe and Gamow, Physical Review) 1940s Alpher & Gamow: temperature of Universe ~ 5K (CMB) (Unfortunately, there was NO technique of detecting CMB.) (forgotten)

  22. (Hot) Big Bang Static Universe Age of Universe 1.8109 years (too small)  1~21010 years (Baade)  Abundance of Elements H: ¾ , He: ¼ (heavier < 1%) Uniform distribution (made by stars) (nonuniform distribution) Matter Distribution The earlier, the denser. constant in time Temperature of Universe ~ 5K (1960s 3.5K) (1990s 2.73K) (NA) The profile of the present universe: not good enough. How about the look/photo of the early universe?

  23. Winning of Big Bang 1950s Ryle: radio nebulae – the further, the denser 1960s (early) quasars (high redshift, even up to 3 or 4) -- indicating high-energy environment in the earlier time Before mid-1960s Static Universe: dying 1964 Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson: CMB – mercy stroke 3.5 K “noise” / microwave background (wavelength: 7.35 cm) isotropy ; black body radiation

  24. Winning of Big Bang (noise from “white insulator” ?) AT&T Bell Arno Penzias Robert Wilson ( http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov )

  25. Winning of Big Bang May 21, 1965, Friday Signals Imply a 'Big Bang' Universe By WALTER SULLIVAN Scientists at the Bell Telephone Laboratories have observed what a group at Princeton University believes may be remnants of an explosion that gave birth to the universe. 1964 Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson: CMB – mercy stroke 3.5 K “noise” / microwave background (wavelength: 7.35 cm) isotropy ; black body radiation

  26. One hundred years ago, • Evolution:   Static ?Expanding ? • Cosmic Structures:   "ONE" Galaxy ?"  " Galaxies ? • Compositions: ?? Universe －

  27. History of 20th-Century Cosmology 1960s (late) T/T ~ 1/10 ? (If yes, easy to find.) 1980s Balloon exp’t , U-2 exp’t (e.g. Smoot): no T/T found Sensitivity of T/T : 104 Baryon dominated: T/T ~ 104 Dark Matter dominated: T/T down to <105 1980s regarding the origin of the density fluctuations (seeds) models: Inflation vs. Topological Defect

  28. History of 20th-Century Cosmology Before COBE (1965-1990) (provided by Prof. K.W. Ng) David Wilkinson @ Princeton George Smoot @ Berkeley In Proceedings of the Workshop on Particle Astrophysics: Forefront Experimental Issues, December 1988, Berkeley, California

  29. History of 20th-Century Cosmology Baryon dominated: T/T ~ 104 Dark Matter dominated: T/T down to <105 1989/11/18 COBE launched (sensitivity: T/T < 105) 1990 Jan. 1st Announcement (no T/T discovered) FIRAS (Mather): black body nature DMR (Smoot): dipole <1992 no T/T discovery announced (down to 105 ) (disappointment) (crisis of Big Bang?) 1992/4/23 (Wed.) Announcement: T/T discovered (l=1~20) Supporting Big Bang !!

  30. COBE Discovery of T/T 1992/4/23 (Wed.) Announcement: T/T discovered (l=1~20) Supporting Big Bang !! Hawking: “the most important discovery” Smoot in 1992: Seeing a dust on a skating rink Seeing the oldest, largest structures Cosmo-Archeologist Smoot in “Wrinkles in Time”: “我們在時間的組織中發現的皺紋是這永恆追尋過程中的一部份，而這個發現也是人類邁入宇宙學黃金年代的重要一步。忽然之間，一幅巨大拼圖的碎片開始合併了，暴脹理論愈形成立，而黑暗物質也呼之欲出了。我們對大爆炸理論的信念又重新點燃了，在漆黑的夜空、元素的組成和宇宙膨脹現象之外，這種萬物創始時留下的餘暉成了另一個我們所知構成今日宇宙之方法。宇宙的創造力就是它最強而有力的力量，他隨著時間創造出星球和星雲之類的結構，到最終，創造了我們。皺紋就是這創造力的核心，它能從一片均勻中創造出結構來。”

  31. Modern Cosmology

  32. Avishai Dekel, SSI2003 Accelerating!? (Dark Energy)

  33. One hundred years ago, • Evolution:   Static ?Expanding ? • Cosmic Structures:   "ONE" Galaxy ?"  " Galaxies ? • Compositions: ?? Universe －

  34. Rocky Kolb, SSI 2003     ? = 0.22 ? = 0.73

  35. Energy ? or Geometry? Matter ? Particle ? or Field? QCD Interaction Anti-gravity Extra Gravity Dark Energy 73% Nonbaryonic Dark Matter 22% Baryon 5%

  36. Known? Unknown! The 95% of the energy in our universe is beyond our understanding !! What we understand contributes only 5% !!

  37. 20th Century Great Achievement !! BUT ~ End of Physics !?

  38. Only5% !!

  39. Known? Unknown! 5% 95% Present your understanding when you understand; recognize your not understanding when you don't understand; that's the true meaning of understanding. － ByConfucius 知之為知之， 不知為不知， 是知也。 －論語為政篇 5% 95% (Analects of Confucius)

  40. Known? Unknown! Great Puzzles New Revolution !! ?

  41. Story about COBE

  42. Story about COBE 1974 – satellite observatory 1976 COBE proposal Original plan: launch in late 1988, carried by space shuttle Accidents!!! 1986/1/28 Challenger (space shuttle) explosion (7 dead) 1986/4/18 Titan 34Ds (rocket) explosion 1986/5/4 Delta rocket failure Later plan: launch in 1989, carried by Delta rocket (1/2 smaller), (one more accident) 1989/10/17 Earthquake (7.1) hit north California (60 dead) 1989/11/18 COBE launched (sensitivity: T/T < 105)

  43. History of 20th-Century Cosmology 1991 Mar. Found T/T : quadrupole 1991 Oct. Found T/T distribution in the sky (l=1~20) 1989/11/18 COBE launched (sensitivity: T/T < 105) 1990 Jan. 1st Announcement (no T/T discovered) FIRAS (Mather): black body nature DMR (Smoot): dipole <1992 no T/T discovery announced (down to 105 ) (disappointment)(crisis of Big Bang?) 1991 Nov.–Dec. Exp’t @ South Pole (Smoot broke down.) -- pinning down the noise from the Milky Way 1992/4/23 (Wed.) Announcement: T/T discovered (l=1~20) Supporting Big Bang !!

  44. Outlook

  45. “泛黃” 宇宙太古照片(CMB Milestones) 2006 John Mather George Smoot 1978 Arno Penzias Robert Wilson (edited by Prof. Ng) AT&T Bell NASA NASA Plus many other observations

  46. Post-COBE

  47. NASA WMAP Data & Cosmological Parameters 2002 CTl CTEl

  48. Ongoing CMB Experiments Timbie 02 Mauna Loa Chile South Pole Tenerife Princeton South Pole New Mexico South Pole South Pole AMiBA CBI DASI VSA CAPMAP Boomerang Maxipol BICEP QUAD Interferometer Radiometer Balloon-borne bolometer Bolometer (edited by Prof. Ng) NASA WMAP launched in 6/2001 1st year data 2/2003 3rd year data 3/2006 0.2o l<1000 AMiBA at Mauna Loa Taiwan, Australia, USA

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