Volcanoes

1. Volcanoes Forces That Build and Destroy The Earth By: Kristen

2. Very Merry? No, Very Scary! if you think volcanoes are very merry or even just merry, you are wro-ong! Erupting volcanoes are actually scary or or maybe very scary! Whatever floats your boat I guess but you are still wrong! Volcanoes are mountains with an opening at the top. Where did you go? NO! don’t go down the opening! You’ll fall in a pool of molten rock that is below the Earth! Back to what I was saying. Just don’t go down that again! There are domes and shields on volcanoes too.

3. Very Merry? No, Very Scary! (continued) Volcanoes are- why are you trying to go down the center again? I told you it’s dangerous! If that volcano- never mind. Just don’t do that again. Anyway, back to the topic. Volcanoes are dramatic mountains. Like I said before they are dangerous! So be careful when you are around one. There are three different types of volcanoes. There are dormant volcanoes, extinct volcanoes, and active volcanoes.

4. Very Merry? No, Very Scary! (continued) Dormant volcanoes erupt once and don’t erupt for many centuries (one century is 100 years)! Extinct volcanoes erupt once then never again. Active volcanoes erupt at normal times. Do you know where there is the most volcanoes? New York! No! there are a of of volcanoes in Hawaii not New york!

5. Very Merry? No, Very Scary! (continued) There isn’t even one volcano in New York! Why would you guess New York? Anyway, that was just a little fun fact. Do you know what volcanic dike is? Okay then, I’ll tell you. A volcanic dike is when the soft outer layers of a volcano are gone so the hard rock in the inside is revealed . It is now called a monument.

6. Very Merry? No, Very Scary! (continued) I’m guessing you don’t know what a caldera is either do you? I’m right! I’ll tell you. The first step of a caldera is when magma drains or erupts from the volcano. The second step is when a huge cavity is there in place of the volcano. That is called the caldera. But sometimes there is a third step. If there is one the third step is when the caldera fills up with water. Once it fills up with water it is called a crater lake. Sometimes weird gases can cause the crater lake to become an unusual color. Do you know how a volcano gets bigger? Okay then I’ll tell you that too! A volcano gets bigger when the

7. Very Merry? No, Very Scary! (continued) lava hardens and layers of lava build up. Oh, you don’t know what lava is, read the next page to find out.

8. Lava, Magma? What’s the Difference? If you think lava and magma are the same thing you are wrong again! Learn your facts! They are very different! Okay, not very different but you get what I’m saying. Magma is underground, lava is above ground. That is the difference magma can flow for miles before it reaches the surface. But it is still magma until it reaches the surface. Right when it leaves the volcano, it is lava. It is not a small difference! It is a big difference! Anyway, back to lava. Lava can either be thick and slow or thin and fast. But people can sometimes out run lava. I can’t believe you didn’t know that lava and magma are different! I can’t get over it! Okay, I think I’m over it! Lava isn’t the only thing that comes out of volcanoes. Volcano rock does too. Volcano rock can be pumice, cinders, and ash. I don’t think you knew that!

9. Lava, Magma? What’s the Difference? continued) Did you know that there are different types of lava flows? There are three of them. One of them is the Aa flow (pronounced ah-ah). It got its name from Hawaiians! I bet you didn’t know that! Yaaay! I was right! I win! The Aa flow has a rough surface. Another one is the Pahoehoe flow (pronounced puh-hoee-hoee). The Pahoehoe flow flows smoothly unlike the Aa flow. What was that? You think I’m screaming? I’m not screaming I’m just saying that type of lava flow. Why would I be screaming? Oh! Because the volcano might be erupting! Well, it’s not! There is one more type of lava flow. It is the Pyroclastic flow. It has superheated currents, hot gas, and ash flows down the side of the volcano when it erupts. I knew you didn’t know any of the volcano flows!

10. Lava, Magma? What’s the Difference? continued) Ha! I win, you lose now you have to turn the page!

11. Ash, Lava, Fiery Clouds, When Does It Happen, When Does It Happen? If you don’t know when ash, lava, and fiery clouds appear you really need to learn more things! Well, I guess that’s why you’re reading this so keep reading this! You’re still reading this! Yaaayyy! Hooray! It’s a miracle! Okay back to the topic! These things appear when- actually I’m gonna have you guess it! This can trigger tsunamis, flash floods, earthquakes, mud flows, rock falls, lateral blasts, lava flows, hot ash flows, mud slides, avalanches, and floods. Come on guess it! Gas and rock shoot up from the opening of the volcano and flow down the side of it or they can fill the air with lava fragments. During this there can also be lava bombs. Yaaayyy! It’s a miracle again! It is and eruption! Keep reading though and you’ll

12. Ash, Lava, Fiery Clouds, When Does It Happen, When Does It Happen? an expert! did you know that volcanoes are known to knock down entire forests? Well they are! Now you know why I didn’t want you to go down the center of the volcano two pages ago! Through that tube is where the lava that knocks down entire forests erupts from is! Oh! You still don’t know what erupts from a volcano! Well, as you know lava can! But lava rock, gases, pyroclastic debris, and ash can erupt from a volcano too! If you see a volcano erupting red hot ash, don’t go near it! Ash can cover people. If you get covered by ash, you can die! So, try to be very careful! There’s still more to learn about volcano eruptions, so keep reading to be an expert on volcano eruptions!

13. Ash, Lava, Fiery Clouds, When Does It Happen, When Does It Happen? Volcanoes are scary and at the same time dangerous! As you already know ash from volcanoes can cover people which could make you die! That is scary and dangerous! Volcanoes can also blow a mountain apart! Everything about it is scary and it is dangerous because if a piece of that mountain hit you it would hurt you very bad! Everything about it is scary to think about and it is dangerous because if a piece of that mountain hit you it would hurt you. Also, chunks of hot rock fly into the air and back down and BOOM! It hit you! Now that is scary! The last reason why it is scary and dangerous is because rivers of hot, burning red lava flow down the side of a volcano like a river of danger! If it sweeps you off of your feet, you get burned and very

14. Ash, Lava, Fiery Clouds, When Does It Happen, When Does It Happen? hurt! That is very scary to ever think about it happening to you! Well, that’s the end of eruptions but not the end of Volcanoes so turn the page to be an expert on volcanoes!

15. Molten Rock+Molten Rock+Molten Rock=…? Ohh come on you don’t know this? You have to know this! I’m not telling you. Oh okay I’ll tell you. But you have to keep reading. Volcanoes build mountains I think you would be surprised to hear that! What was that? Oh! Sorry, I forgot! You don’t know how! Well, you already kind of know how! All of the molten rock that has been building up all of these rears from a volcano has formed a mountain! The molten rock piles up and then cools. Do you know where that molten rock came from? Well, yeah the volcano but the volcano gets it from where? The mantle correct! I’m so proud of you! Do you know a mountain builds on top of? Yes the Earth but be more specific! Okay, I’ll tell you! Volcanoes form mountains above hot spots. Okay, another

16. Molten Rock+ Molten Rock+ Molten Rock=…? (continued) question. Do you know what is around mountains? Yes, grass but also boundaries of tectonic plates. I bet you didn’t know that! Keep reading to get even more smarter! I bet you don’t know the answers to this question! What mountains have formed from volcanoes? No! the names not if they are pretty or not! Yaayyyy! I was right you don’t know the answers! Okay, I’ll tell you them. There is Mount Egmont, Mount Erebus, mount Etna, Mount Kenya, Mount Rainier, and Mount St. Helens! And that was only some of them! What was that? Oh, you’re silly! You think I skipped one! No I never skip over things! Oh, sorry I guess you were right! While I was looking through this, I realized I did forget one! It is Mount Everest!

17. Molten Rock+ Molten Rock+ Molten Rock=…? (continued) So, if a mountain’s name has “Mount” in it, it was probably formed by a volcano. Well, once again that is the end of that. But once again not fully the end so if you’re not an expert yet, keep reading (that means keep reading no matter what!)!

18. What other changes do volcanoes cause in the earth’s surface? Your not good at math? Well, that’s okay because it isn’t a math problem! And this one you don’t have to solve! I’ll just tell you the answer! What was that? You want to solve it on your own? Well, you can solve it on your own by reading this! So keep reading , you’re doing good! So I’m gonna tell you now! Lava+ many years+ rain+ wind+ water= the lava into many bits. Do you know what the lava bits turn into? They turn into soil! Do you know what lava soil is good for? Eating? No! Why would you eat lava soil or even either one alone? That’s gross! Anyway, lava soil is good for growing plants! Did you know that lava can turn into rock? Well, it can! Do you know what people use lava rock for? Roads! They use it for making roads! I bet you didn’t know that! Ha!

19. What other changes do volcanoes cause in the earth’s surface? Do you know what undersea eruptions are? Well, I’ll tell you! You probably know but you don’t want to tell me! You are laaazyyy! An undersea eruption is a volcano that erupts under the sea! It’s kind of obvious! Undersea eruptions can form an island! Did you know that Hawaii was formed by undersea eruptions? Well, it was! Oh! I forgot to tell you how a volcano builds an island! Silly me! It forms an island by the lava building up! I can’t believe I forgot that! That’s the end of that but not the end of undersea eruptions but the end of this! But before I start the bad telling you the bad things about volcanoes I’m going to tell you a fun fact! Here it is- people use steam from underground for energy! Keep reading to learn about the bad things a volcano can do.

20. What other changes do volcanoes cause in the earth’s surface? Do you know the bad things a volcano can do? I’ll tell you then! Lava destroys all of the plants, seeds, and other wildlife that gets in its way! It’s sad, but sometimes it kills weeds so it its helpful! Do you know the last thing it harms? Did you just say you’re glad it can’t hurt you? That’s sort of the last thing! What I mean by sort of? Well, it can hurt you! If the lava outruns you (it almost always does) then it can burn you! Yeah, I know it is scary! That is what I was trying to tell you earlier! Well, unfortunately you have to turn the page now, but I’ll see you again in 3 seconds!

21. Builds The Earth And Destroys It? How Is It Possible? wow! You actually know something! They can do both but, oh, awwww you don’t know how they can do both, do you? Well, I guess I’ll tell you that too! Okay, so you know that they can do both. I’ll start with constructive. Volcanoes are constructive! Constructive means helpful and good. Did you know volcanoes help shape the Earth? Well they do! As you know they form islands such as Hawaii! The lava that erupts from volcanoes also move certain things to a better spot so it it moves dirt or rocks it make make something. Volcanoes can also form mountains as you know and that’s helpful in some ways. That’s the end of constructive but not the total end, so keep reading to find out how a volcano is destructive.

22. Builds The Earth And Destroys It? How Is It Possible? Did you know that volcanoes are destructive? Well of course you do because I just told you that! But anyway, I still have to tell you how. So here’s how. As you know, volcanoes erupt. And what do they erupt? Hot, Burning, red lava and Hard, Scary, grey ash! Those things are both scary no matter what! Lava BURNS and KILLS everything in its way! And don’t even get me started on ash! Ach can COVER you and that can KILL you! Now you understand why volcanoes are definitely, for sure, positively destructive, but also are constructive! As you are now aware about, volcanoes are SUPER cool, scary, dangerous, helpful, and interesting. They are erupting, monstrous,

23. Builds The Earth And Destroys It? How Is It Possible? cool, dramatic mountains, that build the Earth and destroy the earth. And now you know about them! Oh! Sorry you don’t just know about them, you are an expert of them! All because of me! You’re welcome!

24. GLOSSARY ERUPTION- when lava, lava fragments, and ash come out of the volcano ISLAND- a piece of land surrounded by water LAVA- magma; when it comes out of the volcano it is lava MAGMA- melted rock that is below the Earth VOLCANO- a dramatic mountain with a hole at the top to erupt