The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789–1815

1. CHAPTER 23 QUIT The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789–1815 Chapter Overview Time Line Revolution Threatens the French King 1 SECTION MAP Revolution Brings Reform and Terror 2 SECTION Napoleon Forges an Empire 3 SECTION Napoleon’s Empire Collapses 4 SECTION The Congress of Vienna Convenes 5 SECTION GRAPH Visual Summary

2. CHAPTER 23 Chapter Overview HOME The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789–1815 Revolution leads to the overthrow and execution of the French king. After a period of instability, Napoleon takes control of France and of most of Europe. Napoleon’s thirst for power leads to his downfall, and European leaders craft a lasting peace.

3. CHAPTER 23 1815 1789 HOME The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789–1815 Time Line 1789Storming of the Bastille ignites the French Revolution. 1796Napoleon defeats France’s enemy, Austria. 1804Napoleon crowns himself emperor. 1793King Louis XVI is executed by guillotine. 1799Napoleon overthrows the Directory through a coup d´état. 1815Napoleon is defeated at the Battle of Waterloo; the Congress of Vienna creates five great powers in Europe.

4. 1 HOME Revolution Threatens the French King MAP Key Idea Members of the Third Estate demand a more representative government. The fall of the Bastille and the king’s removal from Versailles signal the beginning of the French Revolution. Overview Assessment

5. 1 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME Revolution Threatens the French King MAP Overview • Old Regime • estate • Louis XVI • Marie Antoinette • Estates-General • National Assembly • Tennis Court Oath • Great Fear WHY IT MATTERS NOW Economic and social inequalities in the Old Regime helped cause the French Revolution. Throughout history, economic and social inequalities have at times led peoples to revolt against their governments. Assessment

6. 1 1 Section Assessment Causes of Revolution HOME Revolution Threatens the French King MAP 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the causes of the French Revolution. desire for privileges gap between rich & poor Enlightenment ideas heavy taxes poor leadership government debt poor harvest & high bread prices continued . . .

7. 1 •Changes were inevitable because conditions were bad and new ideas were powerful. Possible Responses: •The situation in France could have been solved with better leadership, better communication, and a sharing of privileges and power. HOME Revolution Threatens the French King MAP 1 Section Assessment 2. Do you think that changes in the French government were inevitable? THINK ABOUT • the leadership of Louis XVI • the French national debt • Enlightenment ideas • other world revolutions ANSWER continued . . .

8. 1 HOME Revolution Threatens the French King MAP 1 Section Assessment 3. How were the economic conditions in France similar to or different from those in England and the American colonies before their revolutions? THINK ABOUT • France’s three estates • the role of taxation • France’s national debt • conditions in England before the Civil War • conditions in the colonies before the American Revolution ANSWER continued . . .

9. 1 SIMILARITIES: unfair taxes and class system Possible Responses: DIFFERENCES: Most American colonists were better off financially than French peasants; the colonists were not laboring to support a feudal nobility. HOME Revolution Threatens the French King MAP End of Section 1

10. 2 HOME Revolution Brings Reform and Terror Key Idea The Legislative Assembly faces war and internal divisions. The king is executed, and Robespierre inaugurates the Reign of Terror. A third constitution puts power in the hands of the upper middle class. Overview Assessment

11. 2 TERMS & NAMES •Declaration of the • Legislative Assembly • émigrés • sans-culottes •guillotine •Maximilien Robespierre •Committee of Public •Reign of Terror Rights of Man MAIN IDEA Safety HOME Revolution Brings Reform and Terror Overview WHY IT MATTERS NOW The revolutionary government of France made reforms but also used terror and violence to retain power. Some governments that lack the support of a majority of their people still use terrorism to control their citizens. Assessment

12. 2 2 Section Assessment HOME Revolution Brings Reform and Terror 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the main events that occurred after the creation of the Constitution of 1791. Assembly creates a constitution. War with Austria begins when Austria offers support for Louis XVI. War goes badly for the French, and mobs rule Paris. King is executed. Reign of Terror begins as radicals take over the government. Terror ends as moderates gain control. continued . . . continued . . .

13. 2 HOME Revolution Brings Reform and Terror 2 Section Assessment 2. After the French rejected the king’s absolute control, they struggled to create a more democratic government. However, in 1793, Robespierre became a dictator. What caused this to happen? THINK ABOUT • the political climate prior to Robespierre’s rule • the need for a leader • Robespierre’s personality ANSWER War, economic problems, and struggling political factions caused confusion. People needed stability and leadership. Robespierre’s strong personality filled the vacuum. Possible Responses: End of Section 2

14. 3 HOME Napoleon Forges an Empire Key Idea A brilliant general, Napoleon Bonaparte, becomes emperor of France and assumes broad powers. Through military victories, he establishes mastery over most of Europe. Overview Assessment

15. 3 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME Napoleon Forges an Empire Overview •Napoleon Bonaparte •coup d'état •plebiscite •lycée •concordat •Napoleonic Code •Battle of Trafalgar WHY IT MATTERS NOW A military genius, Napoleon Bonaparte, seized power in France and made himself emperor. In times of political turmoil, military dictators often seize control of nations, as in Haiti in 1991. Assessment

16. 3 1789 1800 1796–1799 1795 1799 1804 HOME Napoleon Forges an Empire 3 Section Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Describe the events leading to the crowning of Napoleon as emperor of France. French Revolution breaks out. New constitution gives Napoleon all real power. Napoleon wins many victories. Napoleon defeats royalist rebels. Napoleon seizes power from the Directory. Napoleon crowned emperor. continued . . .

17. 3 •Napoleon became powerful because of his military responsibilities and the political chaos after the Terror. •Napoleon’s strong personality would have dominated no matter the circumstances. HOME Napoleon Forges an Empire 3 Section Assessment 2. There is an old question: “Do the times make the man, or does the man make the times?” In your opinion, was Napoleon the creator of or the creation of his times? THINK ABOUT • the government after the Terror • Napoleon’s defense of France • Napoleon’s popularity ANSWER Possible Responses: continued . . .

18. 3 •Internal unrest was most important, because division and chaos at home would have made military success impossible. Possible Responses: •Victory against external enemies would have led to union within France. HOME Napoleon Forges an Empire 3 Section Assessment 3. To keep his empire together, Napoleon had to deal with forces both inside and outside the French Empire. In your judgment, which area was more crucial to control? THINK ABOUT • the length of the period of civil unrest in France • the power and activities of the other European nations ANSWER End of Section 3

19. 4 HOME Napoleon’s Empire Collapses Key Idea Napoleon makes political and military mistakes as he tries to increase his power. He is defeated, returns, is defeated again, and finishes his life in exile. Overview Assessment

20. 4 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME Napoleon’s Empire Collapses Overview •blockade •Continental System •guerrilla •Peninsular War •scorched-earth policy •Waterloo •Hundred Days WHY IT MATTERS NOW Napoleon’s conquests aroused nationalistic feelings across Europe and contributed to his downfall. In the1990s, nationalistic feelings contributed to the breakup of nations such as Yugoslavia. Assessment

21. 4 Effect on Empire Napoleon’s Mistakes HOME Napoleon’s Empire Collapses 4 Section Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List Napoleon’s three disastrous mistakes and the effects that each one had on his empire. Continental System Weakening of France Peninsular War Great loss of life and prestige Russian invasion Loss of much of army continued . . .

22. 4 •Nationalistic feelings caused resistance to French control. Possible Responses: •Invaded countries did not support Napoleon’s drive for power. •Russians did not want French rulers. HOME Napoleon’s Empire Collapses 4 Section Assessment 2. What were the main reasons people in other European countries resisted Napoleon? THINK ABOUT • why some of his own allies refused to abide by the Continental System • why the Spanish fought a guerrilla war for several years • why the Russians destroyed their own crops and cities ANSWER End of Section 4

23. 5 HOME The Congress of Vienna Convenes GRAPH Key Idea Following the plan of Metternich, the Congress of Vienna reestablishes stability in Europe after the defeat of Napoleon. Overview Assessment

24. 5 TERMS & NAMES •Congress of Vienna • balance of power •legitimacy •Holy Alliance •Concert of Europe •Klemens von MAIN IDEA Metternich HOME The Congress of Vienna Convenes GRAPH Overview WHY IT MATTERS NOW After exiling Napoleon, European leaders at the Congress of Vienna tried to restore order and reestablish peace. International bodies such as the United Nations play an active role in trying to maintain world peace and stability today. Assessment

25. 5 METTERNICH’S PLAN Problem Solution HOME The Congress of Vienna Convenes GRAPH 5 Section Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the ways in which the three main goals of Metternich’s plan at the Congress of Vienna solved a political problem. French aggression Surrounding France with strong countries Power struggles between countries Creating a balance of power so that no country can dominate others Lack of legitimate leaders Restoring royal families to their thrones continued . . .

26. 5 •The French would have considered the decisions fair because as a defeated country, France could have had its territory divided among the victors. Instead, its original borders were left intact. Possible Responses: •France lost all that it had gained. HOME The Congress of Vienna Convenes GRAPH 5 Section Assessment 2. From France’s point of view, were the decisions made at the Congress of Vienna fair? THINK ABOUT • Metternich’s three goals • France’s loss of territory • the fears of the rest of Europe ANSWER continued . . .

27. 5 •Liberals, mostly of the Third Estate, wanted a more representative government and more power for the common people. Possible Responses: •Conservatives feared the common people and wanted to preserve royalty and privilege, viewing change as dangerous and frightening. HOME The Congress of Vienna Convenes GRAPH 5 Section Assessment 3. Why do you think liberals and conservatives differed over who should have power? THINK ABOUT • Old Regime privileges • attitudes toward change • Enlightenment ideas ANSWER End of Section 5