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Chapter 12

Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads. Chapter 12. Learning objectives for Chapter 12. Discuss and identify the trade networks of the Hellenistic era and understand the development of the silk roads network. Identify and discuss key commodities traded throughout the network.

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Chapter 12

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  1. Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads Chapter 12

  2. Learning objectives for Chapter 12 • Discuss and identify the trade networks of the Hellenistic era and understand the development of the silk roads network. • Identify and discuss key commodities traded throughout the network. • Understand the role of the silk roads in spreading religions and epidemic diseases across Eurasia. • Explain the circumstances behind the internal decay of the Han state.

  3. Learning objectives for Chapter 12 • Identify features of cultural change in post-Han China. • Identify features of internal decay in the Roman empire. • Understand the role of the Germanic migrations in western Roman imperial decline. • Discuss the cultural changes of the late Roman empire.

  4. Focus: Chapter 12 • ROME, CHINA, and PARTHIA: Classical civilizations that grew due to… • Political stability • Close proximity to one another • Unprecedented growth in long-distance trade

  5. Focus: Chapter 12 • SILK ROADS: Established trade thoroughfares from coast of China to western Europe • Regions specializing in products that became desired trade goods • Merchants, traders, mariners,and bankersbecame more influential • Growth of influential religions:Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Mithraism • Spread of disease pathogensled to widespread epidemics in Eurasia, indirectly leading to decline of Han and Roman Empires

  6. Long-Distance Travel in the Ancient World • Lack of police enforcement outside of established settlements • Changed in classical period • Improvement of infrastructure • Development of empires

  7. Trade Networks Develop • Dramatic increase in trade due to Greek colonization • Maintenance of roads, bridges • Discovery of monsoon wind patterns • Increased tariff revenues used to maintain open routes

  8. Trade in the Hellenistic World • Bactria/India • Spices, pepper, cosmetics, gems, pearls • Persia, Egypt • Grain • Mediterranean • Wine, oil, jewelry, art • Development of professional merchant class

  9. The Silk Roads • Named for principal commodity from China • Dependent on imperial stability • Overland trade routes from China to Roman Empire • Sea lanes and maritime trade as well

  10. The Silk Roads, 200 BCE-300 CE

  11. Organization of Long-Distance Trade • Divided into small segments • Tariffs and tolls finance local supervision • Tax income incentives to maintain safety, maintenance of passage

  12. Cultural Trade: Buddhism and Hinduism • Merchants carry religious ideas along silk routes  India through central Asia to east Asia • Cosmopolitan centers promote development of monasteries to shelter traveling merchants • 200 BCE-700 CE: Buddhism becomes dominant faith of silk roads

  13. The Spread of Hinduism, Buddhism and Christianity200 BCE – 400 CE

  14. Buddhism in China • Originally, Buddhism restricted to foreign merchant populations • Gradual spread to larger population beginning 5th c. CE

  15. Buddhism and Hinduism in SE Asia • Sea lanes in Indian Ocean • By 1st c. CE, a clear Indian influence in SE Asia existed • Rulers called “rajas” • Sanskrit used for written communication • Buddhism, Hinduism increasingly popular faiths

  16. Christianity in Mediterranean Basin • Gregory the Wonderworker, central Anatolia 3rd c. CE • Christianity spreads through Middle East, North Africa, Europe • Sizeable communities as far east as India • Judaism, Zoroastrianism also practiced

  17. Christianity in SW Asia • Influence of ascetic practices from India • Desert-dwelling hermits, monastic societies • After 5th c. CE, followed Nestorios • Emphasized human nature of Jesus • Development of the Nestorians

  18. Spread of Manichaeism • Mani: Zoroastrian prophet (216-272 CE) • Influenced by Christianity and Buddhism • Taught a rigid dualist approach to life of Jesus • Good vs. evil • Light vs. dark • Spirit vs. matter • Claimed to be an apostle of Jesus

  19. Manichaean Society • Devout:“the Elect” • Ascetic (simple, religious) lifestyle • Celibacy, vegetarianism • Life of prayer and fasting • Laity:“the Hearers” (the non-clergy) • Material supporters of “the Elect”

  20. Decline of Manichaeism • Spread through silk routes to major cities in Roman Empire • Zoroastrian opposition provokes Sasanid persecution • Mani arrested, dies in captivity • Romans, fearing Persian influence, also persecute

  21. The Spread of Epidemic Disease • Role of trade routes in spread of pathogens • Limited data, but trends in demographics reasonably clear • Smallpox, measles, bubonic plague • Effect:Economic slowdown, move to regional self-sufficiency

  22. Epidemics in the Han and Roman Empires

  23. Internal Decay of the Han State • Court intrigue • Formation of factions • Problem of land distribution • Large landholders develop private armies • Epidemics • Peasant rebellions • 184 CE:Yellow Turban Rebellion

  24. Generals assume authority, reduce Emperor to puppet figure Alliance with landowners 200 CE:Han Dynasty abolished, replaced by three kingdoms Immigration of northern nomads increases Collapse of the Han Dynasty

  25. Sinicization of Nomadic Peoples • “China-fication” • Adoption of sedentary lifestyle • Agriculture • Adoption of Chinese names, dress, intermarriage

  26. Popularity of Buddhism and Daoism • Disintegration of political order casts doubt on Confucian doctrines • Buddhism, Daoism gain popularity • Religions of salvation

  27. Fall of the Roman Empire: Internal Factors • Rise of the Barracks Emperors: Military leaders who led Rome due to control of armies • 235-284: 26 claimants to the throne, all but one killed in power struggles • Epidemics • Disintegration of imperial economy in favor of local and regional self-sufficient economies

  28. Diocletian (r. 284-305 CE) • DIOCLETIAN (r. 284-305 CE):Divided empire into two administrative districts • Co-Emperors, dual Lieutenants • “Tetrarchs”: Split leadership (“leadership of four”) • Currency, budget reform • Relative stability disappears after Diocletian's death, civil war follows • Constantine emerges victorious

  29. Fall of the Roman Empire: External Factors • Visigoths, influenced by Roman law, Christianity • Formerly buffer states for Roman Empire • Attacked by Huns under Attila in 5th c. CE • Massive migration of Germanic peoples into Roman Empire • Sacked Rome in 410 CE, established Germanic emperor in 476 CE

  30. Germanic invasions and the fall of the western Roman empire (450-476 CE)

  31. Cultural Change in the Roman Empire • Growth of Christianity • Constantine’s Vision, 312 CE • Promulgates Edict of Milan, allows Christian practice in empire • Converts to Christianity • 380 CE: Emperor Theodosius proclaims Christianity official religion of Roman Empire

  32. St. Augustine (354-430 CE) • Hippo, North Africa • Experimented with Greek thought, Manichaeism • 387 CE: Converts to Christianity • Major theologian

  33. The Institutional Church • Conflicts over doctrine and practice in early Church • Divinity of Jesus • Role of women • Church hierarchy established • Patriarchs, Bishop of Rome primus inter pares

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