A History of the Modern Dictionary

1. Heinrich Heine Universität DüsseldorfAnglistik Institut: WS 2005/2006 Hauptseminar:Standardization of the English Language Univ.-Prof. Dr. W.G. BusseDictioniarium Britannicum---Nathan Bailey and others in 1730Referentin: LI WEI Date: 02.12.2005

2. A History of the Modern Dictionary Robert Cawdrey‘s A Table Alphabeticall in 1604

4. A Table Alphabeticall in 1604 • hard English words, borrowed from the Hebrew, Greeke, Latine, or French • 2,500 words • alphabetical organization • synonymous definitions • first purely English dictionary

5. John Kersey‘s Dictionarium Anglo-Britannicum in 1708 •  “A General English Dictionary, Comprehending A Brief, but Emphatical and Clear Explication of all sorts of difficult Words” •  first abridged dictionary •  35,000 words

6. Nathan Bailey‘s An Universal Etymological English Dictionary in 1721 •  a section of proverbs •  aims at the undereducated and academics •  40,000 words •  focus on etymology • offers root word in original language • 30 editions

7. Nathan Bailey‘s Dictionarium Britannicum in 1730

8. Nathan Bailey‘s Dictionarium Britannicumin 1730 • Title Page ‚a more Compleat Universal Etymological English Dictionary than any Extant‘

10. Nathan Bailey‘s Dictionarium Britannicum Characteristics--1 • incorporated and replaced > Universal EtymologicalEnglish Dictionary (2th Vol.) > Dictionarium John kersery • an Alphabetical Order • list of “Names of Persons and Places in Great Britain” • 500 woodcuts woodcut: fox watching geese

12. Nathan Bailey‘s Dictionarium Britannicum Characteristics ---2 Definitions a. showing historical origins and artistic associations b. making use of proverbs to flesh out definitions

13. Dictionarium Britannicum - Transcendence to Transmutation This page shows definitions for a range of words, from transcendence to transmutation

14. Dictionarium Britannicum - Pediculation This page gives definitions for a range of words, from pedale ('a foot-cloth, a Carpet laid on the Ground to tread on', to pediculation ('a particular Foulness of the Skin, very apt to breed Lice').

15. Definitions of the word ‘MAP‘ --- John Kersey “A representation of the whole globe of the earth, or of some particular country upon a plan, or plain superficies.” ---A new English dictionary London, 1702

16. Definitions of the word ‘MAP‘--- Nathan Bailey “A representation of the earth or some particular part thereof upon a plain superficies. A general map is a description of the whole earth, with the several countries, islands, seas, rivers, &c. therein contained, and also the circles of the globe. Particular maps, are either of the four parts of the world; or of particular kingdoms and countries.” ---An universal etymological English dictionary London, 1721

17. Definitions of the word ‘MAP‘--- Nathan Bailey “A representation of the earth, or some part of it, on a plane superficies A general map (in geography) is a description of the whole earth, with the several countries, islands, seas, rivers, &c. therein contained, and also the circles of the globe. Particular maps, are either of the four parts of the world; or of particular kingdoms and countries.” --- An universal etymological English dictionary London, 1731, 1735, 1742, 1745, 1751, 1782

18. Definitions of the word ‘MAP’--- Nathan Bailey “A plain figure, representing the several parts of the surface of the earth, according to the laws of perspective, or it is a projection of the surface of the globe, or part thereof in plano, describing the several countries, islands, seas, rivers, with the situation of cities, woods, hills etc. Universal maps, such as exhibit the whole surface of the earth, or the two hemispheres. Particular maps, are such as exhibit some particular part or region thereof.” --- Dictionarium Britannicum London, 1730, 1736

19. Nathan Bailey‘s Dictionarium Britannicum Characteristics ---3 Definitions c. enlarged, more like an encyclopedia than a dictionary d. highlights the various representations of a word (such a lion) used historically and in different fields

20. Definition of ‚Lion‘ in different fields ‚The Lion ( Emblematically) is used to represent vigilancy; some being to opinion, that he never sleeps. And he also represents command and monarchical dominion: and also the magnanimity of majesty, at once exercising awe and clemency, subduing those that resist, and sparing those that submit.‘ The English Dictionary From Cawdrey to Johnson 1604-1755 Page 124

21. Definition of ‚Lion‘ in different fields • ‚Lion (in Blazonry) in blazoning a lion, their teeth and talons must always be mentioned, they being their own armour, and are in coat armour for the most part made of a different colour from the body of a beast; and therefore speaking of their teeth and talons, you must say they are armed so and so.‘ The English Dictionary From Cawdrey to Johnson 1604-1755 Page125

22. Definition of ‚Lion‘ in different fields ‚A lion(Hieroglyphically) wiping out with his tail the impressions of his feet, was a representation of the great creator, covering the marks of his divinity by the works of nature, and hiding his immediate power, by the visible agency of inferiour beings.‘ The English Dictionary From Cawdrey to Johnson 1604-1755 Page 125

23. Nathan Bailey‘s Dictionarium Britannicum his second Edition • preface in 2nd edition, tracing history of language from Babel to modern English • included ADDITIONS and IMPROVEMENTS in etymology • ‚hard‘ word pruned • proverbs elminated • proper nouns divided into 2 groups

24. ConclusionNathan Bailey‘s Dictionarium Britannicum • a massive folio dictionary, popular in the 18th century • 48,000 entries • etymology, rudimentary pronunciations and proverbs • including ordinary words • Latinisms exclued • common words defined • the basis of Dr. Samuel Johnson‘s greatwork

25. Quelle • The English Dictionary From Cawdrey to Johnson 1604-1755 De WittT.Starnes and Gertrude E.Noyes John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia 1991 • www.academic.evergreen.edu/w/whieva24/print.htm

26. Thanks!