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Aktiviti Isirumah

Aktiviti Isirumah. Hubungan antara Komponen Ekonomi: Ekonomi Tertutup. cukai. cukai. KERAJAAN. bantuan. subsidi. hubungan langsung. output. output. Household production. Peraturan Reid. Production/Consumption Model. Input. Production. Commodity. Consumption. Weel -being.

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Aktiviti Isirumah

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  1. Aktiviti Isirumah

  2. Hubungan antara Komponen Ekonomi: Ekonomi Tertutup cukai cukai KERAJAAN bantuan subsidi hubungan langsung output output

  3. Household production

  4. Peraturan Reid

  5. Production/Consumption Model Input Production Commodity Consumption Weel-being Good and servicesfor sale/ gift/ exchange Human Capital

  6. PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION IN THE HOUSEHOLD Rented, leased or community-provided inputs: Real property, tools, other durables, services, infrastructure Market good & services, raw material, durables WELL- BEING PRODUCTION COMODITIES CONSUMPTION Owned input produced by household previously: real property, tools, other durables, raw materials Good & Services for gift, sale or barter Consumption residues Labor, knowledge & management skills of household member

  7. Process of household production

  8. Definitions : Time Constraint

  9. Implications – how do you explain Individuals are assumed to minimize the full cost of consuming any commodity. This model may explain: • The growth of the fast-food industry • Why convenience stores can survive while charging higher prices than grocery stores • The decline in fertility

  10. Pengukuranaktivitiekonomibukanpasaran

  11. PERLUNYA MENILAI AKTIVITI EKONOMI BUKAN PASARAN

  12. lack of shelter hunger APA MAKNA MISKIN? being sick and not being able to see a doctor Powerlessness, lack of representation and freedom • not being able to go to school and not knowing how to read losing a child to illness brought about by unclean water not having a job, is fear for the future, living one day at a time

  13. Basic subsistence , social psychological self-perception of being poor. • Frequently refers to economic aspect of living • Even economic & socio-cultural are not all inclusive • Complex, multi dimensional (vary by gender, age, culture & other social & economic context) • Lack of multiple resources for material WB (physical deprivation) • Importance of psychological aspects of poverty • Lack of voice, power & independence, exploitation • Lack of basic infrastructure • Lack of physical, human, social and environmental asset (focus on asset rather than income), • Vulnerable and exposure to risk DEFINITION OF POVERTY

  14. Poverty Approaches

  15. Measurement of poverty

  16. Poverty line The poverty threshold /line is the minimum level of incomedeemed necessary to achieve an adequate standard of living in a given country.

  17. Jurang pembangunan (UNICEF)

  18. Faedah pendidikan

  19. Faedah Pendidikan Ke Atas Keusahawanan

  20. Faedah pendidikan kepada masyarakat (mc mahon) • Perlu untuk melaksanakan sistem pemerintahan yang berkesan • Merendahkan kadar jenayah; mengurangkan perbelanjaan yang berkaitan dengan sistem perundangan • Mengurangkan bantuan kebajikan dan kos perubatan awam • Perkhidmatan awam dalam komuniti (kerja sukarela) • Faedah kepada kejiranan dan yang berkaitan dengan pekerjaan • Faedah kepada pengeluaran

  21. Benefits Of Education (Mc Mahon) • Pure current consumption effects • Health • Effects on further learning • Returns on savings • Consumption behaviour • Home management • Affective attributes created by education

  22. Bagaimana pendidikan mempengaruhi produktiviti dan pertumbuhan ?

  23. CONTOH:Japan dan KoreaIndustrialisasi yang pesat.- Pengumpulan kemahiran teknikal yang pesat- Kadar celik huruf yang tinggi dan pendidikan sekolah rendah- Komitmen yang kuat terhadap pendidikan (melatih jurutera) hantar pelajar keluar negeri

  24. Strategi Pembangunan Berdasarkan Falsafah Keperluan Asas • Menyediakan barangan asas pengguna seperti makanan,pakaian dan tempat tinggal. • Mempunyai perkhidmatan asas seperti air, pendidikan dan kemudahan kesihatan • Hak untuk mendapat pekerjaan yang dapat menjamin pendapatan untuk memenuhi keperluan penggunaan yang asas • Menyediakan prasarana bagi membolehkan memenuhi barangan dan perkhidmatan asas • Penglibatan dalam membuat penentuan.

  25. Pembangunan lestari Bearable Equitable Viable Sustainable

  26. Konsepkelestarian(Agyeman et al, 2002). “kelestarian'... tidak boleh semata-mata bermaksud keperihatinan “hijau” atau “persekitaran”

  27. Sustainable consumption

  28. Economic • Political • Social • Cultural • Population • Affluence • Technology Enviromental Degradation Pengeluaran & Penggunaan  

  29. Sedikitsejarah Selepas 10 tahunkejayaantidakmencapaijangkaanmalahansesetengahkeadaanlebihterukdaripadasebelumnya.

  30. AKAN DATANG?? • Masyarakatlestaritidakakanterbentuktanpaperubahan fundamental : • caraberfikir, • nilaietika, • konsep moral • kepercayaan agama. Penggunaan Lestari SENARIO SEMASA Pembangunan tidaklangsungmengarahkepadakelestarian SEJARAH 1946 – 1998 (antarabangsa) UN Conference on Environment & Development (1992) World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002).

  31. MENGAPA PENGGUNAAN? • Kesan penggunaan masyarakat moden ke atas kelestarian • Kadar penggunaan jauh melebihi kadar penggantian yang berlaku secara semula jadi • Peningkatan penggunaan dan bahan buangan yg dihasilkan MALANGNYA • Terdapat negara yang berpendapatan tinggi secara politiknya telah meminggirkan usaha ke arah kelestarian ini.

  32. Tumpuan Polisi • Penggunaan tumpu kepada usaha mencapai kelestarian persekitaran • Pengeluaran melalui pengawalan pencemaran dan kecekapan ekologi vs

  33. merangkumi apa yang digunakan, bagaimana menggunakan, pola penggunaan & kesan daripada penggunaan. • merujuk kepada urutan aktiviti/penentuan membeli, mengguna, & passing along barangan perkhidmatan, material, tenaga & sumber. • menggunakanbarangan & perkhidmatanbagimemenuhikeperluanasas & meningkatkankualitihidup, • padamasa yang samameminimumkanpenggunaansumberasli, bahantoksik, pengeluaranbahanbuangan & pencemaransepanjangmasa. • Tidakmenggadaikankeperluangenerasiakandatang Penggunaan Lestari

  34. Kapalai, Sabah

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