Prof. Dr. Md. Rezaul Karim Urban and Rural Planning Discipline Khulna University

1. Higher Education Quality Enhancement Project Urban and Rural Planning Discipline Khulna University Training on Research Methods and Techniques Prof.Dr. Md. Rezaul Karim Urban and Rural Planning Discipline Khulna University Primary and Secondary Data

2. Experiment Survey Primary and Secondary Data Interview

3. Objectives of this lesson: Primary and Secondary Data • Define secondary and primary data • Describe primary data collection methods • Describe sampling techniques • Identify advantages disadvantages of different data gathering techniques • Construct a survey

4. Secondary Data • Data gathered by another source (e.g. research study, survey, interview) • Secondary data is gathered BEFORE primary data. WHY? • Because you want to find out what is already known about a subject before you dive into your own investigation. WHY? • Because some of your questions can possibly have been already answered by other investigators or authors. Why “reinvent the wheel”?

5. Primary Data • Data never gathered before • Advantage: find data you need to suit your purpose • Disadvantage: usually more costly and time consuming than collecting secondary data • Collected after secondary data is collected

6. Primary Research Methods • Focus Groups – bring together respondents with common characteristics • Observation - actually view respondents • Experiment - controlled variables and respondent groups. • Non-personal survey – on site, telephone, mail, fax, computer, panel • Personal interview - one-on-one survey with respondents • Official records – internal document survey research

7. Constructing the Questionnaire Select the correct types of questions: • open ended – harder to score but get “richer” information • closed ended, dichotomous – offer two either/or responses (true/false; yes/no; for/against • multiple choice – select one or more than one • scaled response – gather range of “values” (strongly disagree, somewhat disagree, neutral, somewhat agree, strongly agree

8. Traditional data collection methods • Mailingpaper questionnaires to respondents, who fill them out and mail them back • Having interviewers call to respondents on the telephone and ask them the question in a telephone interview • Sending the interviewers to the respondent’s home or office to administer the questions in face-to-face(FTF) interviews

9. Alternatives methods of data collection OCR/ICR Optical/intelligent caracter recognition FAX Face to face Computerised Self Administered Questionnaires Disk by Mail E-mail Web Mail Telephone CATI computer assisted telephone interviewing TDE Touchtone data entry IVR Interactive voice response CAPI computer assisted personal interviewing Video CASI SAQ Self administered questionnaire Text CASI Audio CASI Walkman

10. Important characteristics of good questionnaires • Plan a user-friendly format • Gather demographic data – age, gender, etc., when necessary. • Avoid ambiguity • Ensure ease of tabulation • Develop for completeness – get all the data • Pilot test the instrument

11. 1. Have you had any of the following medical preventive tests/exams? _____ mammogram (if a women) _____ prostate exam (if a man) _____ lung x-ray _____ electrocardiogram _____ stress test

12. 2. Do you currently smoke? _____ YES _____ NO

13. Please evaluate the following statement: • I understand the University’s code of conduct as it relates to plagiarism. • ____ absolutely agree • ____ somewhat agree • ____ neutral • ____ somewhat disagree • ____ absolutely disagree

14. Non sensitive questions about behavior Play attention to the wording • Are you: • Married • Divorced • Widowed • Separated • Never married With closed questions, include all reasonable possibilities as explicit response options • Are you: • Married • Single

15. Non sensitive questions about behavior Play attention to the wording In a tipical week, how often do you read a newspaper? Make the question as specific as possible (about who it covers, what time period, which behaviours…) Over the last month, that is ….. how often do you read a newspaper in a tipical week?

16. Non sensitive questions about behavior Play attention to the wording Use words that virtually all respondents will understand Have you ever had a miocardial infarction? Have you ever had a heart attack?

17. Non sensitive questions about behavior Provide memory help Uses aided recall (or ask separate questions about subcategories) Please look cerefully at the following list of volountary organisations: which, if any, do you belong to? A Religious organisations B Cultural organisations C Political groups D Other To which volountary organisation do you belong to?

18. Attitude questionsPlay attention to the wording Clearly specify the attitude object of interest Do you think the Government is spending too litte, about the right amount, or too much on higher education? Do you think the Government is spending too litte, about the right amount, or too much on education?

19. Question and Answer