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Population of Rome Augustus 1,000,000 5-6 th C. 35,000 1500 55,000 -60,000 1530 32,000

). To 18th Century: Traditional Italy: local allegiances, identities campanalismo: attachment to one’s own bell tower (campana 19 th C. Risorgimento, Unification of Italy 20 th C. Fascism, World War II. Population of Rome Augustus 1,000,000 5-6 th C. 35,000 1500 55,000 -60,000

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Population of Rome Augustus 1,000,000 5-6 th C. 35,000 1500 55,000 -60,000 1530 32,000

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  1. ) To 18th Century: Traditional Italy: local allegiances, identitiescampanalismo: attachment to one’s own bell tower (campana19 th C. Risorgimento, Unification of Italy20th C. Fascism, World War II

  2. Population of Rome Augustus 1,000,000 5-6th C. 35,000 1500 55,000 -60,000 1530 32,000 1560 50,000 1600 100,000 1870 200,000

  3. 19th Century Italy RISORGIMENTO ( “Resurgence”) AND NATIONALISMNAPOLEON’S INVASION OF ITALY 1796-1814reaction against French Empire becomes spur to nationalist movements in Italy and Germany

  4. PIEDMONT-SAVOY center of unificationCentral figures in Italian unification: • MAZZINI, Giuseppe 1805-1872 nationalist revolutionary (from Genoa, studied law) Young Italy: organization of young republicans • GARIBALDI, Giuseppe 1807-1882 military leader of guerilla forces • CAVOUR, Count Camillo 1810-1861                minister to King of Piedmont-Savoy                1858 pact with Napoleon III of France                1859 war with Austria

  5. Piedmont Savoy: border with France yellow

  6. Giuseppe Mazzini1805-1872 Italian nationalist revolutionary and republican

  7. MAZZINI, Giuseppe 1805-1872 founder of CARBONARI: secret nationalist society name taken from mine workers, “underground” society1848 ROMAN REPUBLICestablished by Mazzini during European Revolutions of 1848suppressed by French army under Napoleon III

  8. Giuseppe Garibaldi

  9. GARIBALDI, Giuseppe 1807-1882 leader of irregular military forces “red shirts” 1849 defense of Janiculum Hill in aftermath of Mazzini’s Roman Republicslogan “ROMA O MORTE” (Rome or death) 1860 invasion of Sicily, marches north to Naples

  10. Garibaldimonuments onJaniculumhill

  11. Count CamilloCAVOUR, 1810-1861 minister to King of Piedmont-Savoy architect of Italian unification

  12. CAVOUR, Count Camillo 1810-1861    minister to King of Piedmont-Savoy1858 pact with Napoleon III of France1859 war with Hapsburg Austriawhich had occupied northern Italy (Milan) since 16th century1860 GARIBALDI invades Sicily, then Naples                troops - “red shirts”CAVOUR  army marches south, conquest of Tuscany

  13. 1860 Italian State in orange

  14. 1861 KINGDOM OF ITALY united under VICTOR EMMANUEL II Capitals of united Italy (moving south):1861 Turino  - capital of Piedmont Savoy 1865 Florence     1870 Rome:ROMA CAPITALE, TERZA ROMA

  15. 1861 Italian State in orange

  16. Campo dei Fiori national rally

  17. 1870-1929 POPES self-declared “prisoners of the Vatican”withdraw to Vatican City to protest conquest of Papal StatesPapacy excommunicates all members of new legislaturesource of strong anti-clericalism in Italian politics    

  18. WORLD WAR I Italy on Allied side      post war issues:  terms of treaty, war costs, anti-communism1917 Russian Revolution: result of WWI, first communist state 1921 Italian Communist Party founded by Antonio Gramsci         split off from Italian Socialist Party

  19. ITALIAN FASCISM – theme of exaggerated nationalismBENITO MUSSOLINI 1883-1944            Editor of Socialist newspaper AVANTI             1919 fascio di combattimento (armed political group)Roman fasces as new political symbol 1920 FASCIST PARTY: militants called  squadristi = “black shirts”

  20. 1922 MARCH ON ROME  (echoes of Ceasar's crossing Rubicon)         King makes Mussolini Prime Minister1924 murder of MATTEOTTI Socialist deputy by Fascist squadristiMovie: IL Delitto Matteotti 1929 LATERAN TREATY with Pope recognition of Vatican State

  21. FASCIST IDEOLOGY: DUCISMO: cult of the leader (Il Duce)                 corporative state, eliminate class conflictmilitarism:un bambino un soldato (one baby = one soldier)

  22. Posterwith Mussolini as head ofcorporative state

  23. The many Faces of Mussolini

  24. One heart only One will only One decision only

  25. Palazzo Venezia, site of Mussolini’s speeches

  26. FOREIGN POLICY: Mussolini’s Roman Empire                 1935 invasion of Ethiopia                 1938 Spanish Civil War                 1939 pact with Hitler forming the Axis AXIS POWERS in World War II: German and Italy 1943-44 Allied invasion of Italy from south

  27. 1983 Neo fascistposter of Mussolinias “man of the people”

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