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Early Zionism and Arab-Jewish Relations in 20 th C Palestine

Early Zionism and Arab-Jewish Relations in 20 th C Palestine. IAFS/JWST 3650. Outline. Development of Zionism Zionist Settlers in Holy Land Arab-Jewish Relations in 1880s & 1890s. Multiperspectivity. A single viewpoint is limiting

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Early Zionism and Arab-Jewish Relations in 20 th C Palestine

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  1. Early Zionism andArab-Jewish Relationsin 20th C Palestine IAFS/JWST 3650

  2. Outline • Development of Zionism • Zionist Settlers in Holy Land • Arab-Jewish Relations in 1880s & 1890s

  3. Multiperspectivity • A single viewpoint is limiting • Seeing via other viewpoints is where the most learning happens

  4. “Landmines” • Ideas/phrases/events that make discussion go BOOM • Acknowledge, inspect, defuse landmines

  5. The Development of Zionism • Herzl’s focus on external support • Debate over location of Jewish home: • Palestine? • Northern Sinai? • Argentina? • Cyprus? • Uganda? • Southern Sinai?

  6. Basel Declaration (1897)

  7. Zionist Break with Traditional Judaism • Trad. Judaism: Jewish exile ordained by God, so Jewish return could only result from God’ redemption • Modern Zionism: worked actively in mainly secular fashion to establish independent Jewish existence in Palestine

  8. Herzl’s Methods • Plan to purchase land and organize settlers • Rhodesia as a model

  9. First Wave of Zionist Settlers • 1882: first Zionist settlers landed at Jaffa =first aliyah (going up to Eretz Israel) • 1903: 20 villages, 90,000 acres of land • ~5000 Jews settled in agricultural areas

  10. First Wave of Zionist Settlers • ~5000 Jews settled in cities • 1890: Jews a majority in Jerusalem

  11. First Wave of Zionist Settlers • Inexperienced settlers faced failing farms • Bailed out by wealthy European Jewish philanthropists • Employed Arab workers, treated them poorly

  12. Late 1890s • Zionist settlement progressing • Diplomatic efforts unsuccessful • Internal criticism (e.g. AchadHa’am)

  13. Jewish National Fund • 1901: Purposewas land purchases • 1908: Palestine Land Development Co. JNF BlueBox (1920)

  14. Jewish National Fund JNF BlueBox (1947)

  15. Second Wave of Zionist Settlers • 1904: many BILU settlers • Socialist convictions • Focus on settling the land

  16. Second Wave of Zionist Settlers • Tel Aviv established • 1909: first kibbutz (collective settlement) • 1921: first moshav (cooperative village)

  17. Sources of Conflict • Historical Trends • Land • Labor • Arms

  18. Sources of Conflict: Historical Trends • Arab desire to keep region’s character • Arab desire to maintain position as rightful inhabitants • Zionist effort to radically change Palestine via land purchase and settlement

  19. Sources of Conflict: Land • 1882 settler: we must “conquer the country covertly, bit by bit” • 1882 settler: “The ultimate goal . . . is to take over the Land of Israel . . . Arms in hand (if need be).”

  20. Sources of Conflict: Labour • Internal Zionist debate • Hire Arab workers (since settlers were weak and lacked experience)? • Rely on “Hebrew Labor,” with separate Arab and Jewish economies?

  21. Sources of Conflict: Armed Guards • 1908: HaShomer established • Small, semi-clandestine armed organization • Won contracts to guard some settlements

  22. Arab-Jewish Relations • Morris: “normal” colonial relations (exploitation, stereotypes, fear, contempt) • Jewish effort to erase stereotype as weak • “Muscular Judaism” (Max Nordau, 1898)

  23. Clashes • 1880s-1890s: raids, revenge attacks, land disputes • After initial disputes settled, daily hostility decreased • But deep and lasting resentments remained

  24. Conclusions • Growing sense of Palestine as coherent entity • Disagreements within Zionism (e.g. location) • Arab-Jewish tension developed in 1880s and 1890s • Tension sometimes led to violence

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