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Jewish-Arab Relations under Ottoman Rule

Jewish-Arab Relations under Ottoman Rule. IAFS/JWST 3650. I stanbul. Announcements. Map/plagiarism quiz retake on Thu Use tally mark to indicate whether or not you’ll take quiz. Announcements. IAFS summer seminar in Bordeaux. Outline. Ottoman Empire Ottoman Decline

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Jewish-Arab Relations under Ottoman Rule

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  1. Jewish-Arab Relations under Ottoman Rule IAFS/JWST 3650 Istanbul

  2. Announcements • Map/plagiarism quiz retake on Thu • Use tally mark to indicate whether or not you’ll take quiz

  3. Announcements • IAFS summer seminar in Bordeaux

  4. Outline • Ottoman Empire • Ottoman Decline • ID and Society in Holy Land • Holy Land Significance

  5. The Ottoman Empire • Anatolian roots • 1453: capture of Constantinople

  6. The Ottoman Empire • 16th c expansion • Diverse population • Millet system based on dhimmi structure

  7. The Ottoman Empire • 16th c/17th c roots of decline • Internal problems • European economic competition

  8. Jews in 19th c Holy Land • Early 19th c: Greater Syria’s Jewish population ~25,000 • Roughly half in what became Palestine • Mostly in cities • Most Sephardim, some Ashkenazim

  9. Ottoman Decline (19th c) • Turmoil in Holy Land • 1831-1840: Egyptian occupation under Ibrahim • Ibrahim gave Jews and Christians equality with Muslims

  10. Ottoman Decline (19th c) • Empire-wide instability • 1839: Hatti Sharif of Gulhane • 1856: HattiHumayun

  11. Identity and Society in the Holy Land • Sanjaks(districts) within vilayets (provinces) • Notables: provided security (in theory), collected taxes • Jerusalem notables: derived power from religious offices

  12. Identity and Society in the Holy Land • Identity • Peasants: loyalty to land, village • Educated Arabs: sense of living in area called Palestine, within greater Syria

  13. Quickthink • 2-3 min small group discussion • Review, critical analysis • What’s the significance of the fact that in mid-19th c we don’t yet see clear Arab identity, let alone specifically Palestinian nationality?

  14. Holy Land’s Increasing Status (19th c) • Early 19th c Holy Land poor and neglected • 1850s: Christian pilgrimage tours • Pilgrims and tourists meant revenue, European attention

  15. Holy Land’s Increasing Status (19th c) • Shifting geopolitics • Egyptian autonomy • British/French rivalry re Suez isthmus Lizars, Daniel. Egypt [map]. [1831?]. 1:2,100,000. “David Rumsey Map Collection.”

  16. Holy Land’s Increasing Status (19th c) • Palestine (to be) increasingly important to Ottomans • Jerusalem made directly responsible to Constantinople • Increased stability

  17. Holy Land’s Increasing Status (19th c) • Economic and social improvements for Jews • Increased Jewish immigration • Jerusalem’s Jewish population: • 1839: ~5000 • 1850s: ~10,000

  18. Holy Land’s Increasing Status (19th c) • British interest: • Humanitarian • Political: Jewish support for British aims in exchange for British protection

  19. Holy Land’s Increasing Status (19th c) • New patterns of land ownership • Land title bought by small number of people • Peasants continued working land • Groundwork for later Zionist purchases

  20. Holy Land’s Increasing Status (19th c) • Rise in agricultural and industrial production • Wheat, cotton, citrus, soap • Preceded Zionist colonization

  21. Conclusions • Ottoman control of greater Syria brought stability, based on dhimmi system • 19th c: Greater Jewish and Christian equality unsettled this system • Shifting geopolitics of mid/late-19th c contributed to rise in status of Holy Land

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