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Steps to War

Steps to War. Industrialization. Agricultural Revolution. A time of revised farming practices that allowed people to grow more food More food=increasing population Better farming techniques Seed drill Crop rotation Enclosure Warmer climate. Factors of Production.

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Steps to War

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  1. Steps to War

  2. Industrialization

  3. Agricultural Revolution • A time of revised farming practices that allowed people to grow more food • More food=increasing population • Better farming techniques • Seed drill • Crop rotation • Enclosure • Warmer climate

  4. Factors of Production • Land (ground and resources) • Labor (workforce and their skills) • Capital (machinery, anything that makes work easier) • Before, controlled by the state • Industrialization, controlled by individuals

  5. Factory vs. domestic system • Domestic system- no division of labor, everything produced in the home • Factory system- division of labor, production occurs in factories

  6. Life in the factories • 12-16 hour days • Low wages • Unsanitary working conditions

  7. Middle Class • managers of industry • also bankers, manufacturers, merchants, lawyers, doctors, engineers, professors • gained social influence and power (as income grew) • government cared about them

  8. Economic Theories • Mercantilism- we already talked about this • Capitalism- factors of production controlled by individuals • Adam Smith- laissez-faire, supply and demand, competition • David Ricardo- iron law of wages, comparative advantage • Thomas Malthus- population growth model • Socialism- factors of production controlled by the government for the benefit of all • Owen, Fourier, Blanc, Saint-Simon • Communism- factors of production controlled by everyone for the benefit of everyone • Marx and Engels

  9. Reform Movements

  10. Why reforms? • Poor working conditions • Overcrowding in cities • Unemployment • Lack of sanitation

  11. Types of Reforms • Emancipation • Temperance Movement (banning alcohol) • Suffrage (the right to vote) • Better working conditions and sanitation • Native Rights • Labor unions

  12. Scientific Advances • Edison’s light bulb • Bell’s telephone • Marconi’s radio • Automobiles • Wright brother’s airplane • cell theory • genetics • evolution • Jenner’s small pox vaccine • pasteurization • Fleming’s penicillin • structure of the atom • radioactivity (Curie) • quantum theory (Planck and Einstein)

  13. Social Science • History • Anthropology • Sociology • Psychology • Economics

  14. The Arts • romanticism- rejected the reason of the Enlightenment • idealized view of society • Sir Walter Scott, James Fennimore Cooper, Grimm brothers • Beethoven, Tchaikovsky, Wagner, • Daguerre, Matthew Brady • realism-everyday life important-Mark Twain, Leo Tolstoy • naturalists-ugly and unpleasant aspects of life- Emile Zola • impressionism-vivid impressions of people and places- Monet, Renoir

  15. Liberalism

  16. Changes in France • Louis-Philippe became “citizen king” • 2nd French Republic • Revolution of 1848 • 2nd French Empire- Louis-Napoleon • Franco-Prussian War • 3rd Republic

  17. Western Hemisphere • Haiti- Toussaint-Louverture • Simon Bolivar- Latin and South America • Mostly ruled by dictators after declaring independence

  18. Russia • emancipation of serfs • local governments • assassination of Alexander II • civil unrest • government cracks down • Revolution of 1905

  19. Austria-Hungary • lots of different ethnicities • uprisings against Francis Joseph I • Dual-monarchy created • Balkan Wars

  20. Nationalism

  21. What is nationalism? • a sense of national consciousness (identification with a nation)

  22. Why nationalism? • it makes them put the nation over individual interests • it encourages similar peoples to come together (and sometimes rebel) • it provided strength and unity as a country

  23. Modern Examples • Chechnya • The Kurds • Kashmir

  24. Unifications

  25. Italy • Camillo Cavour (Sardinia) made a deal with France to kick Austria out of the north • Northern states of Lombardy, Parma, Modena, and Tuscany asked to be part of Sardinia • 1860-Giuseppe Garibaldi conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and handed it over to Victor Emmanual II

  26. Germany • economically- Zollverein was a customs union that reduced tariffs • Politically- 1861 William I became king, appointed Otto von Bismark • Wars of Unification- Danish War, Seven Weeks’ War, Franco-Prussian War • 1871- declared the unified German empire under Chancellor Bismark and Kaiser William

  27. Legacies • people want a country with similar people in it • more unrest, especially in the Balkans • unification of Italy and Germany, division of Austria-Hungary • ideas of superiority

  28. Imperialism

  29. Definition • when one country takes over another to get its resources or create a sphere of influence

  30. Justification • other countries need to modernize • modern countries wanted the resources and the markets to sell goods in • resources and markets • social and political influence throughout the world

  31. Types of Colonies • settlement colonies- send people to live in the new country • dependent colonies- a few European officials the native population • protectorates- sphere of influence, ruler maintained nominal title, but had to acquiesce to European demands

  32. Africa • French and British claimed North Africa during a time of political unrest (British got Suez Canal) • King Leopold II conquered the Congo • West Africa put up a fight, but eventually lost • Boers came first to South Africa, then the British defeated them

  33. Effects • stripped of its resources • people not allowed to participate in government • boundaries redrawn with no thought to the indigenous population • people learn to be cruel

  34. Asia • mostly by spheres of influence • British took over India for trade, set up people in power • French controlled Indochina • Dutch East Indies • China=spheres of influence (Opium Wars) • Japan avoided being imperialized because of industrialization • Sino-Japanese War, Japan won Taiwan • US got Samoa, Hawaii, The Philippines, Guam and Wake Island

  35. Effects • European influence • increased trade and modernization

  36. South America • Spanish-American War • “Dollar Diplomacy” • Panama Canal

  37. Legacies • everything going on in the Middle East and Africa • countries are still dependent on the west • some countries became more democratic and industrialized • less disease

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