Why Industrialize?

7. Why Industrialize? • To faster produce products to meet up with demands • Saves time which saves money.

8. Who Industrialized First? • Britain industrialized and monopolized industrialization. • Didn’t allow those with knowledge of industrialization to leave. • United States, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan industrialized shortly after. • Japan • Hired foreign experts to help industrialize • Most industrialized in all of Asia • Russia • Few years behind • 5 year plan is put into effect • Germany • Otto man Bismarck orders for industrialization • Very fast industrialization. • France • Industrializes in mid 18th century. • United States • Slow at first due to shortage of workers • Those who industrialized first became world powers • Got raw materials from colonies

9. Technology • Machines are invented for more efficient ways to improve cotton production • One invention leads to another • Flying Shuttle 1733- John Kay • Spinning Jenny 1765- James Hargeaves • Mule 1790- Richard Compton • Steam Engine • Newcomen’s Engine was inefficient • James Watt steam engine • Used coal to produce steam • Improved later to allow transportation • Used in factories

10. Steel • Iron furnaces + steam engine/charcoal = Huge steel production • Used to make ships, railroads, and machines

11. Transportation • With steel and the steam engine it created new forms of transportation • Steamships replaced ships with sails allowing faster transportation. • Railroads were built all over the place • Trains transported large amounts of material to factories and ports • Faster transportation on land • Railways linked land empires

12. Factory System • Assembly line • Replaced putting out system • Population moved from rural areas to urban areas • Cities grew due to high concentration population • Work conditions • Worked long hours • Ate only at set hours • Child Labor

13. New Social Classes • Factory owners • Became upper class due to having a lot of money • Easy mobility in early stage of industrialization, but later stages was hard to move up the social class. • Workers • Came mostly from rural areas • Low class • Hard to move up social ladder

14. Women • Women were allowed to work in factories giving them a place in society • Paid less than men • More opportunities

15. Demographic Developments • Fertility or birthrate dropped in industrial societies due to birth control • Mortality rate dropped. • Population growth • Better living conditions • Urbanization • Most of the population were found in cities

16. Industries • Vertical • Controlled all aspects of production • Horizontal • Cooperation among companies in same business

17. Emancipation of Serfs • Emancipation of Serfs in Russia freed all serfs • Most became indentured servants • Had to pay back money gov. • Conditions didn’t change

18. Slave and Serf Emancipation • Causes- • To stop American influence on Mexico. • Enlightenment ideals stretched the ideas of equality and freedom • Russia wanted reform. An unfree labor system caused governmental weakness and made an inefficient economy. • Effects- • Slaves were free but treated unequally. They had no political, social or economical equality. • Serfs gained freedom, but they had to pay taxes on their new land and most freed serfs were in debt for life. • The emancipation caused little or no increase in agriculture.

19. Women’s Roles • Women felt as they had the same restrictions as slaves. • They had tried to use Enlightenment ideals in arguments, like the slaves did, but were unsuccessful until the 20th century. • Debates were stronger in colonial societies than industrial societies, due to the large uprisings already occurring in the colonial societies.

20. Western Intervention • Latin America- • American Revolution inspired their revolution. • Creoles inspired from British colonists. • Modeled after U.S. political independence. • South East Asia- • Textile mills in Japan influenced by U.S. and Europe. • U.S. tricked Japan into signing unfair treaties. This led to chaos. • Africa- • Had many resources. “scramble for Africa” • Europe wanted to colonize as much of Africa as possible. • Caused places like the Congo to be miserable.

21. The Rise of Western Dominance • Economic- • Technology, economic military rise of the west • altered the balance of global power • industrialization replace agriculture as largest, most important sector of economy • Began in England 18th century and 19th century through Europe, later the rest of the world • Dominant mode of economic organization - free market, laissez faire capitalism • commerce and banking-foundations of money-based economy-not land-based • Transformed social class structures • aristocracy based on land and family prestige faded • those employed in agriculture shrank • middle class grew tremendously, gained great wealth, diversified • new lower class-industrial working class was born • Industrialization led to urbanization-cities grew in size, more cities established • First decades of industrialization painful for lower classes • working conditions poor, wages low • over time, industrialization greatly raised the average property of a society’s population • even lower classes benefit over time • non-western worlds adopt industrialization in vary ways • some European imperial powers introduced to colonies • rulers of free non-western nations tried to impose from above • slavery still key to 18th/19th century world economy • Africa was the primary victim of slave trading • East Africa and Atlantic Slave Trade continued • Fall of mercantilism, rise of capitalism • laws of supply and demand created great wealth • Socialism, Marxism and Communism • Socialism – economic competition is inherently unfair and leads to injustice/inequality • Marxism – more radical socialism – Communist Manifesto • Communism • Ideally – perfect justice, social equality and plenty

22. Political • Broad trends • World affairs determined by policy choices in Europe • United States broke away from English rule, went on to dominate Americas • Spanish/Portuguese colonies freed themselves of European rule • Eastern Question – gradual decline of the Ottoman Empire presented Europe with choices • Between 1814 > 1914 – 35% to 85% of European control of habitable territory • Japan only non-Western nation to develop effective, modern colonial empire • New nations of Germany and Italy created • Tensions over diplomacy, nationalism, competition for overseas possessions led to alliances • Political developments • greater popular representation in government and politics • other parts of the world were slower in moving from traditional monarchies/oligarchies • middle class represented • working class radicalism

23. Cultural • starting in West, scientific, secular worldview became paramount • increase in access to public education • tremendous movement of people • nationalism became an incredible powerful cultural attitude in Europe and then spread • modernist thought and culture • many adopted western behavior

24. Artistic • Romanticism and Realism • Imperialism and colonialism • Causes of imperialism • Economic – industrialization gave the West the ability and reasons to conquer the world • raw materials, markets for goods, military, transportation, and communication tools • Military factors – new weapons, need to maintain bases and coal stations • Social factors – rapid population growth • Science and technology – new knowledge (maps), medical advancements • Cultural factors – racial superiority, Westerners taught natives and modernized

25. Comparison of Western intervention in Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia • Imperialism in Latin America • Railroads and the imperialism of free trade • Natural resources of Latin America made them targets for a form of economic dependence called free-trade imperialism • American expansion and the Spanish-American War, 1898 • American intervention in the Caribbean and Central America, 1901-1914 • Western Dominance in Southeast Asia • Burma, Malaya, Indochina, and northern Sumatra were conquered because of their fertile soil, favorable climates, and highly developed agriculture – brought rise in population • The Scramble for Africa • Egypt – French and British bankers lobbied their governments to intervene and secure their high- interest loans they set on the Egyptian Khedives expensive modernization • Western and Equatorial Africa – French built railroad • Southern Africa – good pastures and farmland and mineral wealth