Revolutions in Russia

1. Revolutions in Russia

2. Long-Term Causes of Revolution • Czarist Rule • In the late 1800s, Alexander III and his son Nicholas II sought to industrialize Russia and build its economic strength • They wanted to westernize and industrialized but limit the spread of the ideals of the French Revolution

3. Long-Term Causes of Revolution • Russians wanted to introduce a new Constitution and reforms that would limit government corruption • To combat these reforms, the rulers employed harsh tactics such as secret police

4. Long-Term Causes of Revolution • Peasant Unrest • Rigid system of social classes still existed in Russia at the beginning of WWI • Land-owning nobles, priests, and an autocratic czar dominated Russia • Most peasants were too poor to buy the land they worked • Industrialization happened slowly, and peasants feared the new changes

5. Long-Term Causes of Revolution • Russia still experienced Serfdom

6. Long-Term Causes of Revolution • Problems of Urban Workers • Some peasants had moved to cities and found jobs in new industries • They experienced all of the negative drawbacks of industrialization • Low pay • Long hours • Poor working and living conditions • It was among these workers that socialists spread ideas about revolutions and reforms

7. Long-Term Causes of Revolution • Diversity and Nationalism • Russia is big… Really, Really big • Because of its size, it included MANY ethnic minorities • Czars maintained policy of Russification… • What is Russification? • Regardless of this policy, ethnic populations wanted to maintain their culture and nationalism remained

8. 1st Revolution in 1905 • Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War triggered peaceful protests and petitions for reforms • These marches were shot down by czarist troops in what came to be known as “Bloody Sunday” • “Bloody Sunday” destroyed the people’s faith and trust in the czar and triggered strikes and revolts all over the country

9. Bloody Sunday - 1905

10. WWI and Czarist Rule • Russia’s army was vastly inferior technologically to all others in WWI • Massive losses crippled morale and triggered revolt in March of 1917 • Czar Nicholas II abdicated the throne the same month

11. The Bolshevik Revolution • The provisional government that replaced the czar implemented only modest reforms and stayed in WWI • Revolutionary socialists first worked within the government and set up soviets, but soon lost patience and the radical Socialist Party soon took hold

12. The Bolshevik Revolution • Vladimir Lenin • Lenin and Leon Trotsky headed a revolutionary Socialist Party , the Bolsheviks • Lenin and Trotsky adapted Marxism to fit the situation in Russia • “Peace, Land, Bread,” end involvement in WWI, land reform, end to food shortages

13. The Bolshevik Revolution Lenin Trotsky

14. The Bolshevik Revolution • The provisional government lost the support of the people • In November of 1917, the Bolsheviks brought soldiers, sailors, and factory workers in a successful uprising • Communists gave land to peasants and factory workers factories and mines

15. Lenin’s Russia • Withdrawal from WWI • In March 1918, Lenin signs treaty that gave significant land to Germany but ended Russian involvement in the war

16. Lenin’s Russia • Russia’s Civil War • From 1918 to 1921 Lenin’s Red Army battled against the czar’s forces, the White Army • Independence movements were successful: Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, and LATVIA!!!! • Foreign powers helped the Whites, including the US, but the Red Army defeated its enemies by 1921

17. Lenin’s Russia • One-Party Government • Although the government included a constitution and legislature, the real power was in the hands of the only legal party, the Communist Party • They maintained power through military and secret police

18. Lenin’s Russia • New Economic Policy • During the revolution, the government controlled everything! • The New Economic Policy, or NEP, allowed for some private ownership of businesses • Government controlled banks, large industry, and foreign trade

19. Lenin’s Russia • The Soviet Union • By 1922, Lenin and the Communists controlled all of the old Russian Empire • Created the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

20. Stalin and Communist Dictatorship • Vladimir Lenin dies in 1924 and Joseph Stalin emerges as the new Soviet leader • Stalin ruled through terror and brutality • i.e. Great Purge

21. First Leaders of the Soviet Union Lenin (Soviet Leader 1917 – 1924) Stalin (Soviet Leader 1924 – 1953) • Chief Goal: to make the Soviet Union into a modern industrial power with all protection under government control • Created a command economy • Brought all agriculture under government control; forced peasants to live on group farms • Standard of living fell for most workers and peasants • Chief Goal: to create a classless society with production in the hands of the people • Allowed some private business; let some peasants hold land • Standard of living rose for many workers and peasants • Spent time in Siberian exile before 1917 revolution • Became Communist Party leader • Used secret police to enforce Communist people • Wanted to bring about a worldwide Communist revolution

22. The World Between the Wars

23. “The Great War” • At the Paris Peace Conference, Woodrow Wilson wanted to help establish self-determination • Meanwhile, France and Great Britain wanted Germany to pay dearly for their role in initiating WWI • Ultimately the French and British wanted Germany to be crippled so they would never be a threat to international security again

24. Harsh Provisions for Germany • Treaty of Versailles • Territorial Losses • The country of Poland was created • Land returned to France • Germany loses its overseas colonies • Military Restrictions • Army and navy limited • War Guilt • Germany had to accept full guilt for the war • Accepting the blame and paying reparations caused bitterness in Germany

25. Europe Gets a Face-Lift • What new nations are created after WWI? • Finland • Estonia • Latvia • Lithuania • Poland • Austria • Hungary • Czechoslovakia • Yugoslavia

26. Collapse of Empires • WWI directly caused the collapse of both the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire Austria-Hungary • As a result of the war, the government collapsed in the Austro-Hungarian Empire • Italy and Romania gained land while new countries like Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia emerged • Most of the Arab lands in the Ottoman Empire went to the British and French • Although they were supposed to be preparing for self-determination, they were really serving as colonies to already vast overseas empires • What was left became the Turkey

27. Countries Are Angry! • To say Germany was upset with the Treaty of Versailles would be an understatement • Italy had hoped to gain more land than it received • Japan was angry because the Allies didn’t recognize its claims in China • China was angry because Japan had been given control over former German possessions in China • Russia was angry because it had lost a bunch of territory to new countries

28. Turkish Nationalism • Kemal Ataturk • After WWI, he led a nationalist movement and overthrew the sultan • Ataturk leads Turkey through a series of reforms • Islamic law is replaced by a new secular law code • People were required to wear western dress • State schools were set up and Arabic script was replaced with Latin • Turkey industrialized and built roads, railroads, and factories • Women were allowed to vote and work outside the home

29. Iranian Nationalism • Reza Khan leads a revolution and overthrows the shah • Follows Turkey’s example and tries to industrialize and modernize • Muslims HATED him

30. Arab Nationalism • During WWI Arabs fought alongside the Allies because they were promised independence • However, the British took control of lands promised to the Arabs • Gave rise to Pan-Arabism and a desire to be free from foreign rule

31. Zionism • What is Zionism? • This is review folks!

32. Chinese Nationalism • Chinese civilization was in great disorder during and after WWI • People fought for power after Sun Yat-sen stepped down • The economy collapsed • Foreign influence in China increases as they faced so much turmoil from within

33. Chinese Nationalism • Chiang Kai-shek attempted to seize power • The Koumintang, Chang’s Party, did very little to support poor class • Most poor sided with Mao Zedong’s Communist Party • Civil War resulted from clashes between Mao’s forces and Chang’s forces that lasted for 22 years

34. Women’s Suffrage Movement • In the mid-1800s in western democracies, women had begun to demand greater rights • Women’s Rights Movements fueled by the expanded role and power of women during WWI • New Zealand first country to grant women’s suffrage in 1893 • US grants women’s suffrage with the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920

35. Worldwide Depression • WWI caused many economic problems • Returning soldiers needed jobs • Nations had huge war debts to repay • Weaknesses in the economies in the US and other nations led to Great Depression

36. Impact of the Depression • American investors pulled their money out of Europe and placed high tariffs on imported goods • Countries that traded or exported goods to the United States saw their economies collapse • Unemployment soared • People began to lose faith in Capitalism as new ideas like Communism emerged • Strong leaders supported intense nationalism, militarism, and a return to authoritarian rule

37. The Rise of Fascism • Widespread economic despair paved the way for the rise of dictators Strict discipline Strong military Blind loyalty to leader Censorship and governmental control of news fascism Use of violence and terror Rule by dictator State control of economy Extreme nationalism

38. The Rise of Fascism • Fascism • The rule of a people by dictatorial government that is nationalistic and imperialistic • Anticommunist • Fascism emerged in Italy and Germany after World War I

39. The Rise of Fascism • Benito Mussolini • Soldiers couldn’t find jobs, trade was slow, taxes were high, workers went on strike • Mussolini gathered together disgruntled workers and soldiers and formed the Fascist Party • In 1922, the Fascists used force and terror to gain control of Italy • Policies • Ended free elections, free speech, and free press • Killed or jailed enemies • Goals of the state are paramount

40. The Rise of Fascism • Germany • The kaiser stepped down after WWI • The new democratic government, the Weimar Republic was blamed for the horrible Treaty • Inflation caused major problems • All this trouble led to the Nazi rise in power • Adolf Hitler promised to provide jobs and rebuild German pride • In 1920, Hitler formed his National Socialist German Workers (Nazi) Party • In 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor

41. The Rise of Fascism • Adolf Hitler • Hitler’s Germany, called the Third Reich, was a totalitarian state • Built a one-party government that: • Ended civil rights • Silenced his enemies with force • Put businesses under government control • Employed many people in public works programs • Improved standard of living • Rebuilt the military

42. The Rise of Fascism • Hitler used the Jews as a scapegoat for Germany’s problems • Used propaganda to influence public opinion • The Nuremburg Laws of 1935 took away the political rights and citizenship of German Jews • Few were concerned with the racist policies because everything had improved dramatically in Germany

43. Totalitarianism in Nazi Germany

44. Japan: Militarism and Expansion • Japan had moved toward greater democracy in the 1920s • Militarism gained momentum as the global Great Depression took hold in Japan

45. Japanese Militarists in the 1930s Causes • Unhappiness over loss of traditions • Loss of foreign markets due to G.D. • Unemployment • Poverty among peasants • Feelings of nationalism • Demand for expansion of Japanese empire