China 1

1. China 1 WRC Stackhouse

2. China Geography

3. China • 1.379(2018) billion people live in China (more than 1/5 of world’s population) • - Most populated country in the world • China is 3.7 million sq. miles but most people live in the eastern third of China (~1/2 of USA) • Mountains and plateaus cover 80% of China and China is mainly farmers • ~20% of China is level – coast and river valleys- but only ½ of that land is farmable • To have more farmland people constructed terraces • Terrace – small flat fields built into the sides of the hills and mountains

4. 6 main regions • North • South • Northeast (Manchuria) – has many natural resources – hard to get to bc of terrain • Mongolia –Gobi Desert • Xinjiang (sheen jeeahng) - Home to many non-Chinese people (Muslims, Urghurs, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz) • Xizang (sheedzahng) (Tibet) -China took over Tibet in 1950 • Dali Lama’s Traditional Home - the spiritual head of Tibetan Buddhism and, until the establishment of Chinese communist rule, the spiritual and temporal ruler of Tibet. *North and South China called the heartland - Stretch from Beijing (north) to the border of Vietnam (south)

5. 3 Important Rivers • Huang He (hwahng huh) - Also called the Yellow River because of yellow-brown soil called loess (loh-ehs) that the wind carries across the North China Plain and into river. – soil is fertile • Known as “River of Sorrow” because it floods frequently – causes destruction • In 1931- a flood destroyed China’s crops and 4 million people died of starvation • Chang (jahng) Also known as Yangzi, Carries much of China’s trade, At the mouth is Shanghai (a busy port city) • gov’t built a dam (2003) to develop hydroelectric power but it (Three Gorges Dam) is causing environmental problems and will lead to flooding of farmlands. • Xi (shee) Also known as the West River, Flows through South China • Can reach ocean from here – this is how they get Southern products out • Tens of millions of people live in the Xi delta

6. People • 95% of the people that make up China are Han (ethnic Chinese) • minorities (Mongols, Tajiks, and Tibetans) • different dialects in China • Official language – Mandarin (spoken in North China) to promote unity

7. China Dynasties • Dynasty – series of rulers from one family line

8. Shang • Began the idea that a king could contact a god or spirit through his ancestors • Chinese developed an accurate calendar • Based on phases of moon and movement of the stars • Fell to Zhou dynasty

9. Shang Dynasty Map

10. Zhou • Took over in ~ 1122 BCE • Established longest dynasty in Chinese history • Used the Mandate of Heaven

11. Zhou Dynasty Map and Painting

12. Mandate of Heaven Rule granted from heaven (like divine monarch), if ruler was unjust then heaven removed the mandate and the people could rebel – rulers used the mandate of heaven to explain their rise to power

13. Qin (Chin) • Ruled for 15 yrs. • 1st to unite China under one ruler • Only one ruler, Zheng named himself Shi Huangdi (first emperor) • Created strong empire • Very harsh ruler

14. Qin Shih Huangdi • Made a single law code for the whole empire and uniform tax system • Delegated special areas and decisions to the emperors ministers promoting effective centralized government. • Ex. Finance, justice • Extended Chinese territory to the south, reaching present-day Hong Kong on the South China Sea and influencing northern Vietnam.

15. Qin – cont. • Great wall of China • Zheng ordered the Great Wall to be built to protect China from foreign nomadic invaders • Forced hundreds of thousands of peasants to work on the project • Thousands died

16. Qin – cont. • Originally wall was 4,000 miles long and 25 feet wide • Wide enough for Chariots • Today it is only 2,150 miles long • Is the largest structure ever built

17. The Great Wall

18. Terra Cotta Warriors

19. Qin innovations in Chinese politics and culture • National census • Standardization of coins • weights and measures • length of the axles on cart led to standardized road building • Agricultural innovation: irrigation projects • Promoted manufacture, especially silk cloth • Uniform written script • single basic language for all educated Chinese

20. Demise of Qin Shih Huangdi • Construction projects • high taxes • Banning and burning the classical text • Excessive labor projects • Took land away from aristocrats • Daoist priests opposed him • On Shih Huangdi’s death in 210 C.E. there were many peasant revolts • One peasant leader established his family as the new dynasty of China

21. Qin Dynasty Map and Painting

22. Han • Extended China’s borders • Controlled China for more than 400 years (210 BCE-220 CE) • Advances in art, science, and education • Established a stable gov’t – based on teachings of Confucius • 4 main parts of Government: • single ruler • government officials • system of laws • official ideology

23. Han Dynasty • Instituted a system of examination to prepare professional civil servants • Promoted scientific research • Large construction projects • Instituted a system of punishment of criminals • Promoted Confucian beliefs • Census taking • Exerted military & legal power • Trade was very important

24. Han Dynasty • Expanded Chinese territory into Korea, Indochina, and central Asia • Contact with India and Middle East through trade with the Roman Empire around the Mediterranean • Repaired the Great Wall to keep out the Huns • Most famous Han emperor, Wu Ti, 140-87 B.C.E

25. Demise of the Han Dynasty • The Huns overturned the Han dynasty and occupied China from 220 C.E. until 531 C.E. • Between 220 and 589 China was in a state of chaos. By the time stability restored the classical and formative period of Chinese civilization had ended. • The demise of the Han Dynasty and occupation of China by the Huns resulted in a chaotic time known as the Era of Divisions that lasted from 220 C.E. until 531 C.E.

26. Han Dynasty

27. Tang and Sung (Song) • Tang (618-907) • Sung (960-1279) • During these 2 many technological advances were made • Restored Centralized Imperial Rule • During the Tang and then Song Dynasties they organized Chinese society so effectively that China became a center of exceptional agricultural and industrial production that influenced much of the eastern hemisphere

28. Tang Dynasty Map

29. New Agricultural Techniques • Fast growing rice • Heavy iron plows • Harnessed oxen and water buffaloes • Enriched soil with manure and composted organic matter • Extensive irrigation systems • Reservoirs, dikes, dams, pumps, water wheels • Artificial irrigation greatly increased agricultural production which led to a rapid population expansion

30. Economic Exchange: • Grand Canal • built during the Sui Dynasty (precursor to Tang) • One of the world’s largest waterworks projects before modern times • Built for trade between northern and southern China • China’s rivers generally flow east to west so an artificial waterway had to be built to facilitate trade between north and south • Tea • Tea trading flourished during Tang and Song era • Tea was compressed into bricks and used as money

31. New Technologies: Porcelain • Porcelain • Tang dynasty made porcelain • lighter, thinner, and adaptable to more uses than earlier pottery • called “chinaware” • Printing • By the mid-eleventh century, printers began to experiment with movable type • Speeded up the process and allowed printers to make corrections • Could produce and sell books more quickly, cheaply, and in large quantities Tang Marble Glazed Porcelain Figure

32. Sung (Song) Map

33. Mongols • 1200’s Mongols conquered China – led by Genghis Khan • Genghis Khan’s grandson – Kublai Khan founded the Yuan dynasty • This is the time Marco Polo visited China • 1300’s Chinese drove out the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty

34. Yuan Dynasty

35. Ming • lasted 276 years • Capital Nanjing • Invaded by the Manchus

36. Ming Dynasty Map

37. Qing (Ching) • Started by the Manchus • Ruled from Manchuria from1644-1911until the Japanese invaded

38. Qing Dynasty

39. 3 Philosophies/Schools of Thought

40. Confucius • A Philosopher • Born in 551 BCE • Developed ideas about how to restore peace and ensure harmony • His followers, after his death, collected his teachings in the Analects • Much of the philosophy behind East Asian politics and family life comes from Confucius’ teachings

41. Confucius - Five Relationships • To restore order he taught that 5 relationships must govern society • Ruler over ruled • Father over son • Older brother over younger brother • Husband over wife • Friend to friend

42. Confucius – cont. • The superior person is responsible for the well-being of the inferior person • He stressed the idea of filial piety • Filial piety - Duty and respect children owe their parents • Placed family and good society over individual interests • Stressed loyalty, courtesy, hard work, service, and education • Confucius’ teachings influenced the Chinese gov’t

43. Daoism • Lao Zi – founder of Daoism • He stressed the link between people and nature rather than the importance of proper behavior • The Way of Virtue – book of Daoism • Daoists believed that the best way to live was naturally, believed in simplicity • To Daoist, Confucius’ rules are useless • Society with rules was an artificial creation that disturbed natural order

44. Daoism – cont. • Daoists made advances in science and technology (by studying nature) • Led to discoveries in biology, chemistry, and astronomy. Some people think they created the magnetic compass and gunpowder (to scare off ghosts) • Priests used magic to determine wedding dates and best placement for graves • Daoists influenced art - they believed that nature dominates painting and pottery – individual has small role

45. European Imperialism

46. European Imperialism • Ming Emperors placed strict limits on foreign trade • They could only unload cargo at Canton/ Guangzhou and trade with Chinese merchants • The Canton-system trade - three major elements: 1. the native Chinese trade with Southeast Asia; 2. the “country” trade of Europeans, who attempted to earn currency to buy Chinese goods by carrying merchandise from India and Southeast Asia into China; 3. the “China trade” between Europe and China

47. European Imperialism – cont. • (late 1700’s Europeans refused to Kowtow(bow custom) to the Emperor) • By 1700’s Qing Dynasty began to decline • Peasant revolts • Industrial Revolution in Western Europe • This helped Great Britain get into China (expanded trading rights)

48. Opium War • Great Britain sold opium to China – knew it was addictive and wanted China’s wealth • By early 1800’s many Chinese were addicted to opium • Opium trade drained China’s silver (paid for it) • Tried to stop the illegal drug trade by enforcing harsh punishments • Users and smuggle faced the death penalty – didn’t work • 1839, Chinese destroyed a British shipment of opium and war broke out • British won Opium War – Chinese weapons were outdated, Manchu rulers lost • Treaty of Nanjing – (unequal treaty) • Manchu Emperor agreed to pay for opium that was destroyed • Had to agree to give Great Britain Hong Kong and open other parts to Brit trade

49. Opium

50. Opium War – cont. • Soon seeing China was weak other countries (France, Russia, Germany, USA, Japan) jumped on the ban wagon and made similar treaties • Westerners won the right to extraterritoriality • Extraterritoriality – westerns accused of a crime were tried in their own courts instead of Chinese courts