The Campaign for Independence

1. Chapter 18 The Campaign for Independence

2. Nationalism -a belief, creed or political ideology that involves a voluntary accepted or coercively imposed mode of identification with individual persons and a nation.Nasyonalismo- pananawngisangindibidwalbilangkasapingisangbansa o kaya ay pagnanasangisangindibidwalnapaunlarin at palakasinangisangbansa.

3. Immediate Independence • mabilisnapagkamitngkalayaanngbansa • United States had no effective answer for Philippine Independence- “The only definite was the promise to grant independence in the near future.”

4. Jones Law • Jones Law- contained the first formal and official declaration of the United States Federal Government's commitment to grant independence to the Philippines. • Nagtaguyod: William Atkinson Jones • Pambungadngbatas: Anglayuninng U.S. sapagsakopngPilipinas ay ipagkaloobangkasarinlansa Pilipino sasandalingito ay magkaroonngmatatagnapamahalaan.

5. The Filipino Leaders, encouraged by the Jones Law, concluded that Independence from the United States could be ultimately obtained through increased political pressure and active campaigns. 2 DECADES of American direction: Filipinos felt confident >advanced in experience and participation in public affairs>enables them to manage their country on their own.

6. The Commission of Independence November 1918: “The Philippine Legislature was the legislative body of the Philippines during the earlier part U.S. colonial administration. It was a bicameral legislature, with the Philippine Commission, headed by the U.S. Governor General serving as the upper house, and the Philippine Assembly serving as the lower house.” The Philippine Legislature created the Commission of Independence

7. Commission = granting power/authority to carry out a particular task. • Commission of Independence = parasapag-aaralsalahatngmgabagayna may kinalamansapagkakasundo at kaayusanngkalayaanngPilipinas/ “for the purpose of studying all matters related to negotiation and organization of the independence of the Philippines.” • Full power + Control -> Commission

8. March 1919: the Legislature approved a Declaration of Purposes for the guidance of Commission. • Declaration> Task (of the Commission) > “To relieve the anxiety of our people which two decades of occupation have only served to accentuate.” • Commission for Independence = 11 senators + forty congressmen

9. *Most important pledges of the commission: 1) Dispatch independence missions to U.S. /Magpadalangmgamisyonsa U.S. 2) Direction of publicity campaign for independence/Pangangampanyaparasakalayaan *Independence Missions: Nacionalista + Democrata (Major and minor parties) participated to give the campaign a semblance/show of national UNITY. *Nacionalistas- Manuel L. Quezon, Sergio Osmena, Manuel A. Roxas, Jose Abad Santos, Benigno Aquino Sr., Camilo Osias, Elpidio Quirino *Democratas- Claro M. Recto, Emilio Tria Tirona, Juan Sumulong, Pedro Gil, Ruperto Montinola

10. The missions presented a set argument in favor of their cause: • Ang kalayaan ay “ideal” para sa mga Pilipino kaya’t ito’y hinahangad • PagbigaypansinngmgaAmerikanosakalayaanngPilipinassapanahongmakamitangkaayusan • Isangmatatagnagobyernoparasamga Pilipino • Pagbigayngkalayaanng U.S. saPilipinas

11. April 1919: Publicity campaign > Philippine Press Bureau, in Washington • >aimed at developing the necessary interest in Congress and the American public to compel consideration of the Philippine question, which admittedly received little preferential attention from Americans. • Press Bulletin> circulated in U.S. (1924) and American writers and publicists were hired to advertise an entire people.

12. The Independence Missions First Parliamentary Mission – 1919; led by Pres. Quezon, Senator Jose Palma and 40 Nacionalista parties; came at a bad time (World War I had just ended) - the officials were busy and more concerned in problems of political and economic readjustments; Republican leaders were unconvinced that Filipinos were ready for independence and announced an indefinite postponement of the question of the Philippine Independence; President Woodrow Wilson sent a recommendation to the Congress on behalf of the Philippines (the only recommendation he made in his 8 yrs of presidency)>Ignored by Republican Administration; FAILED.

13. Second Parliamentary Mission – April 1922; led by Quezon and Osmena; questions raised by the Wood-Forbes Mission Report- how and when Filipinos’ aspirations might be fulfilled; President Harding: “No backward step is contemplated”; NO ACTION WAS TAKEN> FAILED. • Special Mission > led by Manuel Roxas (new speaker) >against Governor Wood’s “reactionary and militaristic rule” shattered hopes – President Calvin Coolidge: “in spite of the progress made in the Philippines, the Filipinos were as yet unprepared, financially and in other ways, to maintain their independence”

14. Coolidge rebuked the Mission members especially for their complaints against Governor Wood. • “…..their failure will be rather a testimony of unpreparedness for the full obligations of citizenship than an evidence of patriotic eagerness to advance their country.” • He assured the Filipinos that the American people would gladly accord them independence if it became apparent that it would be good for them “from the point of view of both their domestic concerns and their status in the world.” • The Independence commission successively sent independence missions to Washington in 1923-1925 but ALL THE MISSIONS FAILED…

15. The Fairfield Bill

17. What is the Fairfield Bill? • It is an administration alternative to the independence measure was reported out of committee and although it was never debated in congress, it for a time seemed certain to pass and introduced on the committee on insular affairs on April 1924.

18. General Frank McIntyre -Chief of Bureau of Insular Affairs of the War Department-He directly supervised the Philippines.

19. Important Dates August 1922- the second parliamentary mission was returned w/ no more assurances from U.SIn 1923-1925- the independence commission successively sent independence mission to WashingtonNovember 1923- new house speaker of the Philippines Manuel A. Roxas lead the special mission to asked for Woods relief the Philippine Independence.February 21,1924 - president Calvin Coolidge –delivered his reply to the memorial in serve letter.

20. Hare-Hawes Cutting Act- proposed a 30 yrs. Period of autonomy w/c the Phil. Would have control of insular affairs w/ an elective Governor General for the Commonwealth of the Phil. • 1944 – Fairfield Bill provided for absolute Independence for the Philippines. • Third Parliamentary Mission - considered one of the most distinct of all missions because of incidents attending its return to the phil.

21. The Independence Campaign Continues

22. 1929 - congressional interest in Phil. Independence would not revived until the Great Depression. • 1924 - the insular auditor disallow the 1 million peso appropriation w/c financed the mission and the publicity bureau in Washington • August 1925 - Osmena went as a special envoy to Washington-to confer w/ the Washington government and congress for the final solution of the Phil. problem.

23. Muslim Leaders at one time or another addressed petition to the Governor General and to Congress opposing Independence for their territory and demanding continuation of American Rule and some for other muslims they don’t want to be separated from the Christians Filipinos but receive to Independence with them. • Fortunately for the Philippines, The Coolidge Administration did not commit itself to The Bacon Bill and Congress turned out to be not at all enthusiastic.

24. Bacon Bill - one the reactionary bills separating Mindanao Sulu and Palawan from the jurisdiction of the Phil. Autonomy Government • November 1923 - proposed of separation of Muslim territory from Phil. Government • Mindanao and Sulu- unorganized territory under the American flag.Moro Province and Christian North- have an arguments for the Bacon Bills of the Phil.

25. The Supreme National Council

26. Launched by Quezon • Formed to united the political parties of the Filipinos for a more effective fight for independence • It was generally just the Independence Commission under a different name • The formation period was between 1926-1927

27. Three Objectives • Attraction of substantial Filipinos not heretofore prominent in the campaign for independence • Decentralization of the campaign so that the provinces might take an active part • Attempt gradual and peaceful use of the political authority vested in the American Governor-General and the Philippine Legislature

28. The Plebiscite Controversy • Its purpose was to counteract the anti-independence campaign in the United State premised on the assumption that the Filipino people did not desire independence. • The bill was vetoed in December 1925 only to be reintroduced and approved in July 1926

29. American Interest Groups-“Friends” of the Philippine Independence

30. Free Trade Tariff

31. Great Depression

32. Interest Groups Agriculturists Patriotic groups Isolationists Anti-imperialists

33. Payne-Aldrich Act of 1909

34. Underwood-Simmons Act

35. American Federation of Labor(AFL)

36. Free Trade and Independence

37. Philippine Independence • March-October 1929- Manuel Roxas & Sergio Osmenawere in Washington as a legislative committee to present the Philippine case affecting the free entry of Philippine products to the US. • December 1929- new mission towards Philippine independence by Roxas, assisted by (House Majority Floor Leader) Manuel C. Briones & 2 democrata leaders: Pedro Gil & Juan Sumulong • January 15, 1930- Philippine independence hearing began wherein the focused on the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill--was the first US law passed for the decolonization of the Philippines

38. The OsRox Mission

39. Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill • The act established a transition government for 12 years before receiving independence on July 4, 1946. • It divided the Philippine Legislature into two camps which are the “pro” and “anti”Pro: Osmena & RoxasAnti: Manuel Quezon

40. Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill REJECTION *Manuel L. Quezon caused the Philippine Legislature to reject the bill for the following reasons: 1. The provisions affecting trade relations between the United States and the Philippines would seriously imperil the economic, social, and political institutions of the country and might defeat the avowed purpose to secure independence for the Philippines at the end of the transition period.

41. 2. The immigration clause was objectionable and offensive to the Filipino people. 3. The powers of the High Commissioner were to indefinite. 4. The military, naval, and other reservations provided for in the act.

42. Tydings-McDuffie Act May 1, 1934- the Philippine Legislature accepted the Tydings-McDuffie Act which removed the provision of military reservations in the Philippines and substituted another for “ultimate settlement as to naval bases and fueling stations."

44. THANK YOU.