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12. Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia. The Spread of Islamic Civilization. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements The Coming of Islam to South Asia
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12 Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
The Spread of Islamic Civilization • The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras • An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements • The Coming of Islam to South Asia • The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia
The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras • Abbasid empire weakened, 9th-13th centuries • Peasant revolts • Al-Mahdi (775-785) • Shi’a unreconciled • Succession not secure
The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras • Imperial Extravagance and Succession Disputes • Harun al-Rashid • Son of al-Mahdi • The Thousand and One Nights • Barmicides • Persian advisors • Death followed by civil war • Al-Ma'mun
Imperial Breakdown andAgrarian Disorder • Civil unrest • Caliphs build lavishly • Tax burden increases • Agriculture suffers
The Declining Position of Women in the Family and Society • Seclusion, veil • Polygyny
Nomadic Incursions and the Eclipse of Caliphal Power • Former provinces threaten Abbasids • Buyids, Persia • Take Baghdad, 945 • Sultans • Seljuk Turks • 1055, defeat Buyids • Sunnis • Shi'a purges • Defeat Byzantines, Egypt
The Impact of the Christian Crusades • 1096, western European Christian knights • Small kingdoms established • Saladin retakes lands • Last in 1291
An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements • Urban growth • Merchants thrive
The Full Flowering of Persian Literature • Persian the court language • Administration, literature • Arabic in religion, law, sciences • Calligraphy • Firdawsi • Shah-Nama • Epic poem
The Full Flowering of Persian Literature • Sa'di • Omar Kayyan • Rubaiyat
Achievements in the Sciences • Math • Build on Greek work • Chemistry • Experiments • Al-Razi • Al-Biruni • Specific weights
Achievements in the Sciences • Medicine • Hospitals • Courses of study
Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion • Sufis • Mysticism • Ulama • Conservative • Against outside influence • Greek philosophy rejected • Qur'an sufficient
Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion • Al-Ghazali • Synthesis of Greek, Qur'anic ideas • Opposed by orthodoxy
New Waves of Nomadic Invasions and the End of the Caliphate • Mongols • Chinggis Khan • Hulegu • 1258, Baghdad falls • Last Abbasid killed
The Coming of Islam to South Asia • By 1200, Muslims rule much of north, central • Conflict between two different systems • Hindu religion v. Muslim monotheism • Muslim egalitarianism v. Indian caste system
Political Divisions and the First Muslim Invasions • First as traders, 8th century • Attacks lead to invasion • Muhammad ibn Qasim • Umayyad general • Takes Sind, Indus valleys • Indians treated as dhimmi
Indian Influences on Islamic Civilization • Science, math, medicine, music, astronomy • India influences Arab
From Booty to Empire: The Second Wave of Muslim Invasions • 10th century, Turkish dynasty established in Afghanistan • Mahmud of Ghazni • Begins invasion of India
From Booty to Empire: The Second Wave of Muslim Invasions • Muhammad of Ghur • Persian • State in Indus valley • Thence to Bengal • His lieutenant, Qutb-ud-Din Aibak • forms state at Delhi • Delhi sultanate rules for 300 years
Patterns of Conversion • Converts especially among Buddhists, lower castes, untouchables • Also, conversion to escape taxes • Muslims fleeing Mongols, 13th, 14th centuries
Patterns of Accommodation • High-caste Hindus remain apart • Muslims also often fail to integrate
Islamic Challenge andHindu Revival • Bhakti • Devotional cults • Emotional approach • Caste distinctions dissolved • Shiva, Vishnu, Kali especially • Mira Bai, Kabir, • Songs in regional languages
Stand-off: The Muslim Presence in India at the End of the Sultanate Period • Brahmins v. ulama • Separate communities
The Spread of Islam toSoutheast Asia • Shrivijaya • Trading Contacts and Conversion • Trading leads to peaceful conversion • Sufis important • Starting with Sumatran ports
The Spread of Islam toSoutheast Asia • Malacca • Thence to Malaya, Sumatra, Demak (Java) • Coastal cities especially receptive • Buddhist elites, but population converts to Islam • Sufi Mystics and the Nature of Southeast Asian Islam