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Vitamin A

MICRONUTRIENTS. Vitamin A. Ashwini Kalantri. Vitamins. Essential Nutrients Types Fat soluble – A, D, E, K Water soluble – B group, C. Vitamin A. Per-formed vitamin – Retinol Pro-vitamin – β- carotene 1IU = 0.3µg retinol (0.55µg of retinol palmitate ) Retinol Equivalent (RE)

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Vitamin A

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  1. MICRONUTRIENTS Vitamin A Ashwini Kalantri

  2. Vitamins • Essential Nutrients • Types • Fat soluble – A, D, E, K • Water soluble – B group, C

  3. Vitamin A • Per-formed vitamin – Retinol • Pro-vitamin – β-carotene • 1IU = 0.3µg retinol (0.55µg of retinol palmitate) • Retinol Equivalent (RE) • 1µg retinol = 1 RE • 1µg β–carotene = 0.167 RE • 1RE = 3.333 IU of Vitamin A

  4. Functions • Normal Vision • Retinal pigmentation  vision in low light • Integrity and function of glandular and epithelial tissue of Respiratory System, Urinary Tract, Skin and Eyes • Skeletal Growth • Anti-infective • Protective against some epithelial cancers

  5. Sources • Animal Foods: liver, eggs, butter, cheese, milk, fish, meat • Plant Foods: green leafy vegetables – spinach. Yellow and green fruits – papaya, mango, pumpkin. Roots – carrots. • Fortified Foods: vanaspati, margarine, milk. Liver stores Vitamin A as retinol palmitate. Reserves for 6-9 months

  6. DeficiencyXerophthalmia • XN Night blindness • X1A Conjunctivalxerosis • X1B Bitot spot • X2 Corneal xerosis • X3A Corneal ulceration, less than 1/3 • X3B Corneal ulceration, more than 1/3 • XS Corneal scar • XF Xerophthalmicfundus Singh, K. "Modified classification of xerophthalmia." Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 39.3 (1991): 105.

  7. DeficiencyExtra-ocular • Folicular Hyperkeratosis • Anorexia • Growth retardation • Mortality and morbidity due to respiratory and intestinal infections.

  8. Prevention • Improvement of diet • Reducing the severity of the contributory factors • PEM, respiratory tract infection, diarrhea, measles. • 6 monthly massive dose administration • 1,00,000 IU (6 months – 1 year) • 2,00,000 IU (1 year – 6 years)

  9. Treatment • Urgent treatment • Early stages of Xerophthalmia  Massive dose of Vitamin A (2,00,000 IU) orally. Repeat after 4 weeks. • All children with corneal ulcers

  10. Assessment • Population surveys - clinical and biochemical • Per-school children (6 months – 6 years) WHO TRS 672

  11. Recommended Dietary Allowance ICMR. “Nutrient requirement and recommended dietary allowances for Indians, A report of the expert group of the ICMR” 2010

  12. Toxicity • Retinol • Nausea, vomiting, anorexia and sleep disorders • Skin desquamation, enlarged liver, papillar odema • Carotene • Colour skin and plasma, not dangerous • Teratogenic effects of massive dose of vitamin A

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