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The Marine Biome

The Marine Biome. by ryan. Location. Cover ¾ of Earth’s surface Includes oceans & coral reefs (an estuaries) Algae supplies world’s O and takes in CO 2 Evaporation of sea provides precipitation . Oceans. Largest of all ecosystems Separated into zones Intertidal Pelagic Abyssal

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The Marine Biome

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  1. The Marine Biome by ryan.

  2. Location • Cover ¾ of Earth’s surface • Includes oceans & coral reefs (an estuaries) • Algae supplies world’s O and takes in CO2 • Evaporation of sea provides precipitation

  3. Oceans • Largest of all ecosystems • Separated into zones • Intertidal • Pelagic • Abyssal • Benthic Image from http://www.tidalzone.org/images/zones.jpg

  4. Intertidal Zone • Where oceans meets land • Submerged or exposed based on tides • Communities are constantly changing • Fauna includes worms, clams, crabs, and shorebirds Image from http://ehapc.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/ocean-water.jpg

  5. Intertidal Zone • Rocky coast • Layered out along cliffs • Higher areas have less diversity • Submerged areas have more species • Tidal Pools- warmed by sun • Sandy coast • Less stratified • Mud & sand prevent algae & plants • Muddy coast Image from http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/Photos/IntertidalZone.jpeg

  6. Adaptions • Intertidal zones • Avoid being swept away or crushed • In & out of water • Changes levels of salinity • Rocky • Pounded by waves • Niches in pools respond to changing factors • Sandy • Hold onto something, dig, or shells

  7. Wetlands • Intertidal zones • Water meets land • Salt marshes and mangrove swamps • Salt marshes • Muddy • Surrounded by estuaries, bays, or lagoons • Migratory birds • Food & rest Image fromhttp://www.capecodphotoalbum.com/SandMarsh.jpg

  8. Pelagic Zone • Open ocean • Generally cold, but hard to tell due to thermal stratification • Flora includes surface seaweed • Fauna includes many fish & some mammals • Whales & dolphins

  9. Pelagic Organisms • Often migratory forage fish • Feed on plankton • Herring, anchovies, capelin, menhaden • Larger fish feed on forage fish • Billfish, tuna, oceanic sharks Image from http://www.foodliabilitylaw.com/uploads/image/Tuna%20Picture(1).jpg and http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/sci/herring/hertags/images/herring_venus.jpg

  10. Benthic Zone • Below pelagic, but not the deep ocean • Bottom is covered in sand, silt and/or dead organisms • Temp. decreases with depth Image from http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ncs/photos/samoa.jpg

  11. Benthic Zone • Flora is primarily seaweed • Fauna includes bacteria, fungi, sponges, sea anemones, worms, sea stars, fish • Nutrient richness supports life Image from http://www.richard-seaman.com/Underwater/Belize/StillLifes/TubeSpongesSpikyPuce.jpg

  12. Benthos • Organisms that live in the benthic zone • Many are adapted to live in substrate • Live in deep water pressure, can’t survive in upper parts • Little light penetration • Scavengers and detritivores

  13. Abyssal Zone • Very cold (3°C), high pressure, high O, low nutrients • Supports many inverts & fish • Mid ocean ridges (b/w plates) • Hydrothermal vents → chemosynthetic bacteria Image from http://www.iantd.com/rebreather/abyss.jpg

  14. Abyssal Organisms • Need to withstand immense pressure • 11,000 psi • Underslung jaws • Sift through sand • Includes black swallower, tripod fish, and giant squid Image from http://www.spacesciencegroup.org/sootw/graphics/oceanlifezones3.jpg

  15. Coral Reefs • Distributed in warm, shallow water • Continental barriers, fringing island, or atolls Image from http://notexactlyrocketscience.files.wordpress.com/2006/10/nwhi_-_french_frigate_shoals_reef_-_many_fish.jpg

  16. Coral Reefs • Dominant organism is coral • Consists of algae and polyp tissue • Water is nutrient poor • Coral gets nutrients from algae or plankton • Other fauna is microorganisms, invertebrates, fish, urchins, octopi, sea stars

  17. Factors • At all latitudes • No elevation changes (ocean level, duh) • Air currents affect ocean currents • Changes the direction of currents • Many different kinds of ocean currents Image from http://www.lisisoft.com/imglisi/5/Themes/150980sun-over-the-ocean.jpg

  18. Currents • Upwelling • Brings cold, nutrient rich water up from depths • Deep water currents • Sea water cools, becomes saltier and denser and sinks • Warm surface currents • Driven by winds & rotation • Cold surface currents • Flow towards equator, driven by atmosphere

  19. Currents • Global conveyor belt • Deep water sinks, then moves south around Antarctica and north to Indian, Pacific and Atlantic • Takes a thousand years for water to travel from North Atlantic into the North Pacific Image from http://www.crd.bc.ca/watersheds/protection/geology-processes/images/clip_image002_000.jpg

  20. Human Problems • Pollution • 2/3 of major cities are on coasts • Kills marine life, threatens human health, algae blooms, beach closures, coral reefs • Oceans carry pollution away from entry point Image from http://www.dailystoke.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/ocean-pollution.jpg

  21. Human Problems • Carbon Emissions • Raises acidity of the oceans • “Level that is irreversible in our life times” • Affects oceans ability to absorb greenhouse gases • More ultraviolet rays • Less plankton • Goes down through food chain

  22. Human Problems • Plastic Debris • Litter kills off wildlife • Cut up can holders • Animals mistake for food & ingest • 7 billions tons of litter • 60% is plastic • Last for 10- 20 years Image from http://www.scienceclarified.com/images/uesc_08_img0463.jpg

  23. Human Problems • Oil spills • Washes over surface & destroys habitats • Recovery takes years • Clean up costs millions • Overfishing • Kills off species Image from http://saferenvironment.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/oil_spill.jpg

  24. Bibliography • "Biomes." Animals of the World. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Nov. 2009. <http://www.animalsoftheworld.ecsd.net/biomes.htm>. • "ECO-PROS Human Impact on Oceans." ECO-PROS - Ecology Protectors Society. N.p., 10 May 2006. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. <http://www.eco-pros.com/humanimpact.htm>. • "Ocean Planet:Ocean Currents." OceanColor Web - SeaWiFS - JASON - Ocean Planet - In Search of Giant Squid. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2009. <http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/OCEAN_PLANET/HTML/oceanography_currents_1.html>. • Oilvia. "The Marine Biome." Author Stream. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Nov. 2009. <Olivia-36793-Marine-Biome-wOrLd-OcEaN-Oceanic-Zone-Coral-Reef-Estuaries-Intertidal-Zones-WetlandsSince-the-as-Entertainment-ppt-powerpoint>. • "Marine 3." Thurston High School Springfield Oregon. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2009. <http://ths.sps.lane.edu/biomes/marine3/marine3.html>. • "The Marine Biome." University of California Museum of Paleontology. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2009. <www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/marine.php>.

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