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South America

Columbia. Brazil. Paraguay. Bolivia. Argentina. Chile. Ecuador. Peru. Uruguay. Venezuela. South America. Effects of Time. Early Inhabitants Amerindians First lived as nomadic tribes

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South America

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  1. Columbia Brazil Paraguay Bolivia Argentina Chile Ecuador Peru Uruguay Venezuela South America

  2. Effects of Time • Early Inhabitants • Amerindians • First lived as nomadic tribes • First people to cultivate cacao, chilies, corn, kidney and lima beans, potatoes, squash, tomatoes, and tobacco • Incas • Lived in the Andes in what is now Peru • Cut terraces into steep hillsides and used irrigation canals to carry water to their crops • No written language Google Images

  3. Effects of Time Continued… • Colonization • Spanish and Portuguese-16th century • Established plantations to grow sugar cane, tobacco, and other crops to export to Europe • Brought millions of Africans to Latin America and forced them to work as slaves • Strong African traditions • Roman Catholic missionaries came to convert Indians to Christianity • Established a new system of government • Brought new languages Google Images

  4. Main Ethnic Groups Caucasian, African, and Indian Languages Spanish is official language in 9 countries Many Indians speak native languages Brazilians speak dialects of Portugal Religions Roman Catholic is most popular Protestant sects becoming more popular Other religions include Judaism, Hinduism, and native religions Transportation Airplanes are used for communication Long railways and paved roads Government Most countries use some form of a republic as government. Overall Culture

  5. Agriculture Main food crops are maize, rice, wheat, beans and root crops such as cassava and potatoes. Major biological resource-anchovies Music Influenced by Native South Americans and the Spanish Songs usually about Earth, seasons, harvest time, love, family, children, and stars Different music for different occasions Instruments used include flutes, rattles, guitars, violins, and oboes. Popular styles of music include Waltzes, Tango, Salsa, and Soca Education More literate men than literate women More literacy in urban areas than in rural Argentina, Chile, Guyana, and Uruguay all have literacy rates greater than or equal to 96%. Overall Culture Continued…

  6. Popular Gestures Be right back- draw a circle in air with index finger Sorry- stick out hand, as if to shake hands, and twist wrist as if waving Pointing- puckering or pursing of the lips Up the road- lift chin up Impolite Gestures Yawning, whistling, yelling to get someone's attention or pointing with the index finger Holidays Ano Nove- New Years Day Fireworks and live music Carnival Rio- 5 days up to Ash Wednesday Conga drums, costumes, group dancing, parades, parties, sambas, street parades, and music Christmas- December 24-25 Gift exchange and big meals Dia de le Raza- October 12 Celebrates discovery of Americas and ethnic mixing Communication & Holidays

  7. SOUTH AMERICA’S CULTURE SPHERES

  8. CULTURE SPHERES European-commercial • The most “Latin” part of South America • Includes the Pampas - temperate grasslands • Economically most advanced • Transportation networks and quality of life are excellent.

  9. CULTURE SPHERES Amerind-subsistence • Correlates with the former Inca Empire • Feudal socioeconomic structure persists • Includes some of South America’s poorest areas • Subsistence agriculture must contend with difficult environmental challenges.

  10. CULTURE SPHERES Tropical-plantation • Resembles Middle America’s Rimland • Locations, soils, & tropical climates favor plantation crops, especially sugar. • Initially relied on African slave labor

  11. CULTURE SPHERES Mestizo-transitional • Surrounds the Amerindian-subsistence region • A zone of mixture- culturally & agriculturally • Transitional -- economic connotations

  12. CULTURE SPHERES Undifferentiated • Characteristics are difficult to classify. • Sparsely populated • Isolation and lack of change- notable features • Development of Amazonia may prompt significant changes.

  13. SOUTH AMERICA’S CULTURE SPHERES Tropical-plantation European-commercial Amerind-subsistence Mestizo-transitional Undifferentiated

  14. Ethnic Groups 97% white (Italian and Spanish) 3% mestizo, Amerindian, or non-white Religions 92% Roman Catholic (< 20% practicing) 2% Protestant 2% Jewish 4% Other Languages Spanish (Official) Italian, English, German, French Government Republic Economy Agriculture and Industry sunflower seeds, lemons, soybeans, grapes, corn, tobacco, peanuts, tea, wheat, livestock food processing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals and petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, steel Argentina http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Buenos_Aires-Puerto_Madero-Hilton-River_View.jpg

  15. Ethnic Groups 30% Quechua, 30% mestizo 25% Aymara,15% white Languages Spanish, Quechua, Aymara All official Religions 95% Roman Catholic 5% Protestant Government Republic Economy Agriculture and Industries soybeans, coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice, potatoes; timber mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverages, tobacco, handicrafts, clothing Bolivia http://www.mayuc.com/images/bolivia-tiahuanaco_statues.jpg

  16. Ethnic Groups 53.7% white and 6.2% black 38.5% mulatto (mixed white and black) 0.9% other and 0.7% unspecified Religion 73.6% Roman Catholic and 15.4% Protestant 1.3% Spiritualist and 0.3% Bantu/voodoo 1.8% other,0.2% unspecified and 7.4% none Languages Portuguese (official) Spanish, English, French Government Federative Republic Economy Agriculture and Industries coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus; beef textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, other machinery and equipment Brazil http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gramado.7.jpg

  17. Ethnic Groups 95% white and white-Amerindian 3% Amerindian 2% other Religion 70% Roman Catholic, 15.1% Evangelical, 1.1% Jehovah’s Witness, and 1% other Christian 4.6% other 8.3% none Languages Spanish Government Republic Economy Agriculture and Industries Grapes, apples, pears, onions, wheat, corn, oats, peaches, garlic, asparagus, beans, beef, poultry, wool, fish and timber Copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, wood and wood products, transport equipment, cement, textiles Chile http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Torres1.jpg

  18. Ethnic Groups 58% mestizo, 20% white, 14% mulatto, and 4% black 3% mixed black-Amerindian and 1% Amerindian Religion 90% Roman Catholic 10% other Languages Spanish Government Republic where executive branch dominates governmental structure Economy Agriculture and Industries Coffee, cut flowers, bananas, rice, tobacco, corn, sugarcane, cocoa beans, oilseed, vegetables, forest products, and shrimp Textiles, food processing, oil, clothing, footwear, beverages, chemicals, cement, gold, coal, and emeralds Columbia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lezo.jpg

  19. Ethnic Groups 65% mestizo, 25% Amerindian 7% Spanish and others 3% black Religions 95% Roman Catholic 5% other Languages Spanish (official) Amerindian languages Government Republic Economy Agriculture and Industries Bananas, coffee, cocoa, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca), plantains, sugarcane, cattle, sheep, pigs, beef, pork, dairy products, balsa wood, fish and shrimp Petroleum, food processing, textiles, wood products, and chemicals Ecuador http://www.export.gov.il/Eng/_Uploads/3846ecuador.jpg

  20. Ethnic Groups 95% mestizo 5% other Religions 89.6% Roman Catholic, 6.2% Protestant, and 1.1% other Christian 1.9% other or unspecified 1.1% none Languages Spanish (official) Guarani (official) Government Constitutional republic Economy Agriculture and Industries Cotton, sugarcane, soybeans, corn, wheat, tobacco, cassava (tapioca), fruits, vegetables, beef, pork, eggs, mild, and timber Sugar, cement, textiles, beverages, wood products, steel, metallurgic, electric power Paraguay http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Paraguay-001.jpg

  21. Ethnic Groups 45% Amerindian, 37% mestizo, and 15% white 3% black, Japanese, Chinese, or other Religions 81% Roman Catholic, 1.4% Seventh Day Adventist, and 1.4% other Christian 0.6% other 16.3% unspecified or none Government Constitutional republic Languages Spanish and Quechua (official) Aymara and minor Amazonian languages Economy Agriculture and Industries Asparagus, coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains, grapes, oranges, coca, poultry, beef, dairy products, fish, and guinea pigs Mining and refining of minerals, steel, metal fabrication, petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas, fishing and fish processing, textiles, clothing, and food processing Peru http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Peru_Machu_Picchu_Sunrise_2.jpg

  22. Ethnic Groups 88% white 8% mestizo 4% black Religions 66% Roman Catholic, 2% Protestant 1% Jewish 31% nonprofessing or other Languages Spanish and Portunol Brazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix) Government Constitutional republic Economy Agriculture and Industries Rice, wheat, corn, barley, livestock, and fish Food processing, electrical machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products, textiles, chemicals, and beverages Uruguay http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Playa_Pocitos.jpg

  23. Ethnic Groups Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, and indigenous people Religions 96% Roman Catholic and 2% Protestant 2% other Languages Spanish (official) Indigenous dialects Government Federal republic Economy Agriculture and Industries Corn, sorghum, sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee, beef, pork, milk, eggs, and fish Petroleum, construction materials, food processing, textiles, iron ore mining, steel, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly Venezuela http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Altamira.JPG

  24. Effects of Other Nations • Spanish and Portuguese • Language and ethnic groups • European countries • Art, music, and clothing • Other South American Countries • Trade • USA • Lower-class clothing • Africa • Music and folktales Google Images

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