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Adolescence

Adolescence. Adolescence the transition… Puberty (2 year period of growth) the period of…. Adolescence. Primary Sex Characteristics body structures that… ovaries--female testes--male external genitalia Secondary Sex Characteristics Non-reproductive… female--enlarged breast, hips

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Adolescence

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  1. Adolescence • Adolescence • the transition… • Puberty (2 year period of growth) • the period of…

  2. Adolescence • Primary Sex Characteristics • body structures that… • ovaries--female • testes--male • external genitalia • Secondary Sex Characteristics • Non-reproductive… • female--enlarged breast, hips • male--voice quality, body hair • Landmarks In girls is Menarche (meh-NAR-key) • first menstrual period (around 12 yrs.) In boys is the first ejaculation (around 14 yrs.)

  3. Height in centimeters 190 170 150 130 110 90 70 50 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Age in years Boys Girls Adolescence

  4. Adolescence

  5. Adolescence – Cognitive Development • Reasoning is… • Private experiences are perceived as… • Formal Operational Stage Capacity for moral thinking –

  6. Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles Postconventional level Conventional level Morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval Preconventional level Morality of self-interest: to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder

  7. Pre-conventional Stage – Self Interest 1. Obedience and punishment: • Instrumental:

  8. Conventional Stage – Concerned with gaining approval or doing one’s duty. • Good boy/girl morality: • Law and order:

  9. Post-conventional Stage – agreed upon rights or universal ethical principles • Social Contract: • Principles of Conscience:

  10. Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder • 3rd level represents… • Morality also lies in action

  11. Social Development • Identity • one’s… • the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles and reshaping them into a consistent and comfortable sense of who one is. • Intimacy • the ability to… • a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

  12. Gender Differences in Connectedness begin during Adolescence • Women are more interdependent and more open and responsive to feedback. • Women as more intimate with their friends and talk more openly and freely. • Women make 63% of phone calls and talk longer on average than men when they are talking to other women. • When women talk they explore relationships. • Men talk to communicate solutions. • Both women and men say friendships with women are more intimate, enjoyable and nurturing (Rubin 1985). • Both women and men usually turn to women when they need support or comfort. • 90% of people report being close to their mother, 69% report being close to father. • These differences diminish after age 50.

  13. Social Development • The changing parent-child relationship

  14. 1890, Women 7.2-Year Interval 10 20 10 20 Age 1988, Women 11.8-Year Interval Age Adolescence -- used to end with marriage • In the 1890s the average interval between a woman’s menarche and marriage was about 7 years; now it is nearly 12 years. • Now adolescence is considered completed with the social achievement of independent adult status

  15. Adult --Physical Development • Physical abilities crest by the mid twenties. • Physical decline begins in early adulthood, almost imperceptibly, and accelerates during middle adulthood. • Later in life there is declining perceptual acuity, strength and stamina.

  16. Fatal accidents per 100 million miles Fatal accidents per 10,000 drivers Adulthood--Physical Changes • Slowing reactions contribute to increased accident risks among those 75 and older. Fatal accident rate 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 and over Age

  17. Percentage with dementia 40% 30 20 10 0 Risk of dementia increases in later years 60-64 70-74 80-84 90-95 65-69 75-79 85-89 Age Group Adulthood--Physical Changes • Incidence of dementia by age

  18. Adulthood--Physical Changes • Women Menopause (around 50 yrs) • the time of… • also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines • Men -- gradual decrease in sperm count, testosterone level, speed of erection and speed of ejaculation. • Brain – by age 80 there is a 5% shrinkage of the brain (women’s brains shrink more slowly than men’s).

  19. Older age groups have poorer performance After three introductions After two introductions After one introductions Adulthood--Cognitive Changes • Recalling new names introduced once, twice or three times is easier for younger adults than for older ones (Crook & West, 1990). • Recall (remembering without cues) decreases with age, especially for meaningless information 100 Percent of names recalled 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 18 40 50 60 70 Age group

  20. Number of words recognized is stable with age Number of words recalled declines with age Adulthood--Cognitive Changes • In a study by Schonfield & Robertson (1966), the ability to recall new information declined during early and middle adulthood, but the ability to recognize new information did not. • Recognition is remember with cues (ex. multiple choice questions, or picking a word out of a list) Number Of words remembered 24 20 16 12 8 4 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 Age in years

  21. Adulthood • Crystallized Intelligence • one’s… • tends to increase with age • Fluid Intelligence • one’s… • tends to decrease during late adulthood • Neural processing slows with age • Speed at completing a complex task slows.

  22. Adulthood – Social Changes • Social Clock • The culturally preferred timing of social events • Marriage • Parenthood • Retirement

  23. Emotional instability 24% 16 8 0 No early 40s emotional crisis Females Males 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 Age in Years Adulthood • Early-forties midlife crisis?

  24. Adulthood – Social Development • Intimacy vs. Isolation • Generativity vs. stagnation Freud – “The healthy adult is one who can live and work”

  25. Marriage • Marriage is more satisfying and enduring when:

  26. Parenthood

  27. Work • Happy with work (both in and out of home)if it fits interests and provides a sense of competence and satisfaction

  28. Percentage “satisfied” with life as a whole 80 60 40 20 0 15 25 35 45 55 65+ Age group Adulthood • Multinational surveys show that age differences in life satisfaction are trivial (Ingle hart, 1990). • Positive feelings tend to grow after middle age and negative feelings subside.

  29. Approximate age Stage Description of Task Adolescence Identity vs. role Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by (teens into confusion testing roles and then integrating them to 20s) form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are. Young Adult Intimacy vs. Young adults struggle to form close relation- (20’s to early isolation ships and to gain the capacity for intimate 40s) love, or they feel socially isolated. Middle Adult Generativity vs. The middle-aged discover a sense of contri- (40s to 60s) stagnation buting to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose. Late Adult Integrity vs. When reflecting on his or her life, the older (late 60s and despair adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or up) failure. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

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