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Adolescence

Adolescence. Adolescence is defined as a life between childhood and adulthood, duh. This means you. AP Photo/ Jeff Chiu. Physical Development in Adolescence. Physical Development. Adolescence begins with puberty (sexual maturation).

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Adolescence

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  1. Adolescence • Adolescenceis defined as a life between childhood and adulthood, duh. • This means you. AP Photo/ Jeff Chiu

  2. Physical Development in Adolescence

  3. Physical Development Adolescence begins with puberty (sexual maturation). Puberty occurs earlier in females (11 years) than males (13 years). Thus height in females increases before males.

  4. Primary Sexual Characteristics During puberty primary sexual characteristics — the reproductive organs and external genitalia — develop rapidly. Ellen Senisi/ The Image Works

  5. Secondary Sexual Characteristics Also secondary sexual characteristics(the nonreproductivetraits) breasts and hips in girls facial hair and deepening of voice in boys develop. Pubic hair and armpit hair grow in both sexes.

  6. Frontal Cortex • The frontal cortex (making plans and judgments) lags behind the limbic system’s development. • Hormonal surges and the limbic system may explain occasional teen impulsiveness (youtube fighting, etc.).

  7. Social Development in Adolescence

  8. Erik Erikson • A neo-Freudian • Worked with Anna Freud • Thought our personality was influenced by our experiences with others. • 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development. • Each stage centers on a social conflict.

  9. 1. Trust v. Mistrust (Infancy) • 0-1 years • Can a baby trust the world to fulfill its needs? • The trust or mistrust they develop can carry on with the child for the rest of their lives.

  10. 2. Autonomy V. Shame & Doubt (Toddlerhood) • 1-2 years old • Toddlers begin to control their bodies (toilet training). • Control Temper Tantrums • Big word is “NO” • Can they learn control or will they doubt themselves?

  11. 3. Initiative V. Guilt (Preschooler) • 3-5 years old • Word turns from “NO” to “WHY?” • Want to understand the world and ask questions. • Is there curiosity encouraged or scolded?

  12. 4. Industry v. Inferiority (Elementary) • 6 to Puberty • School begins • We are for the first time evaluated by a formal system and our peers. • Do we feel good or bad about our accomplishments? • Can lead to us feeling bad about ourselves for the rest of our lives…inferiority complex.

  13. 5. Identity v. Role Confusion (Adolescence) • Teens to 20’s • In our teenage years we try out different roles. • Who am I? • What group do I fit in with? • If I do not find myself I may develop an identity crisis.

  14. 6. Intimacy v. Isolation (Young Adulthood) • 20’s to early 40’s • Have to balance work and relationships. • What are my priorities?

  15. 6a. Marriage • At least a 5 to 1 ratio of positive to negative interactions is a clear indicator of a healthy relationship.

  16. 7. Generativity v. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood) • 40’s to 60’s • Is everything going as planned? • Am I happy with what I created? • Mid –life crisis!!!

  17. 8. Integrity v. Despair (late Adulthood) • Late 60’s and up • Look back on life. • Was my life meaningful or do I have regret?

  18. Cognitive Development in Adolescence

  19. Developing Morality Reasoning • Moral Reasoning is thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong. • Kohlberg (1981, 1984) posed moral dilemmas to children and adolescents • “Should a person steal medicine to save a loved one’s life?” • He found 3 levels stages of thinking.

  20. Moral Thinking Postconventional Morality: Affirms people’s agreed-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles. Conventional Morality: By early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake (because they ARE). Preconventional Morality: Before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward.

  21. Adulthood

  22. Physical Development The peak of physical performance occurs around 20 years of age, after which it declines imperceptibly for most of us. • Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory abilities and cardiac output begin to decline after the mid-twenties. • Around age 50, women go through menopause, and men experience decreased levels of hormones and fertility.

  23. Old Age: Life Expectancy • Life expectancy at birth has increased in past 50 years • 49 in 1950 • 67 in 2004 • 80 in developed countries. • Women outlive men and outnumber them at most ages.

  24. Old Age: Sensory Abilities • After age 70, hearing, distance perception, and the sense of smell diminish, as do muscle strength, reaction time, and stamina. • After 80, neural processes slow down, especially for complex tasks. Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit

  25. Old Age: Motor Abilities At age 70, our motor abilities also decline. A 70-year-old is no match for a 20-year-old individual. Fatal accidents also increase around this age.

  26. Old Age: Dementia With increasing age, the risk of dementia also increases. Dementia is not a normal part of growing old. It has multiple causes, such as strokes and alcoholism Alan Oddie/ PhotoEdit

  27. Old Age: Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s is a loss of brain cells and deterioration of neurons that produce ACT (muscle action, learning and memory). Thus, these areas are affected and is described as a “living death”. Susan Bookheimer At risk Alzheimer Normal

  28. Aging and Memory As we age, we remember some things well. These include recent past events and events that happened a decade or two back. However, recalling names (and INFORMATION) becomes increasingly difficult.

  29. Aging and Memory • Recognition and prospective (remember to reutrn phone call, etc.). memory does not decline with age. • Material that is meaningful is recalled better than meaningless material. David Myers

  30. Aging and Intelligence • Cross-Sectional studies suggest decline with age. • Longitudinalstudies suggest that intelligence remains relative as we age. • Fluid intelligence (ability to reason speedily) declines with age. • Crystalline intelligence (accumulated knowledge and skills) does not.

  31. Aging and Other Abilities A number of cognitive abilities decline with age. However, vocabulary and general knowledge increase with age.

  32. Social DevelopmentAdulthood’s Ages and Stages Psychologists doubt that adults pass through an orderly sequence of age-bound stages. Mid-life crises at 40 are less likely to occur than crises triggered by major events (divorce, new marriage). Neuroticism scores, 10,000 subjects (McCrae & Costa, 1996).

  33. Life Expectancy • Life Expectancy keeps increasing- now about 75. • Women outlive men by about 4 years. • But more men are conceived 126 to 100. Then 105 to 100 by birth. In other words, men die easier.

  34. Death • Elizabeth Kubler-Ross’s Stages of Death/Grief. • Denial • Anger • Bargaining • Depression • Acceptance

  35. Well-Being Across the Life Span Well-being and people’s feelings of satisfaction are stable across the life span. • How can this be? Death is near. • Simply put, the amygdala doesn’t respond to negative events like a younger person and bad feelings fade faster.

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