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Mitigation of primary PM emissions Overview of existing technical and non-technical emissions mitigation techniques. M. Amann, J. Cofala, Z. Klimont International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). Projected PM emissions in Europe 2000-2020. EU-15. EU-10. Non-EU.
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Mitigation of primary PM emissionsOverview of existing technical and non-technical emissions mitigation techniques M. Amann, J. Cofala, Z. Klimont International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)
Projected PM emissions in Europe2000-2020 EU-15 EU-10 Non-EU
Contribution to primary PM2.5 emissions “With climate measures” scenario, EU-15 [kt]
Main technical emission control options for PM850 options considered in RAINS
Scope for non-technical measures • Local traffic restrictions • For PM2.5, need to reduce overall emissions, not only divert them • Consumer’s behavior difficult to model (with RAINS) • Accelerated phase-out of solid fuels in home heating • E.g., removal of subsidies for local coal heating, or EU structural funds for replacement of heating systems • General reduction of carbonaceous fuel consumption through a carbon tax • CAFE analysis: illustrative scenario with 90 €/t CO2 carbon price (compared to 20 €/t CO2 in baseline)
Scope for non-technical measures for PM2.5Effect of a 90 €/to CO2 carbon tax, according to PRIMES calculations With maximum technically reductions With current legislation
Sectoral emissions of PM2.5RAINS estimates, Non-EU countries
Sectoral shares in PM2.5 emission reductionsCAFE scenarios for EU-25, 2020
Further cost-effective measures to reduce PM emissions in the CAFE scenarios for the EU-25 (1) Domestic sector (32% of CAFE Case A reduction): • Dedusters (cyclones, fabric filters) on larger boilers in the commercial sector • Accelerated introduction of new boilers in the residential sector (mainly for biomass) • For the scenarios with higher ambition levels: non-catalytic inserts for fireplaces and stoves Transport (26% of CAFE Case A reduction): • Additional measures for light duty diesel vehicles • Additional measures for heavy duty diesel vehicles • Low sulphur fuels for national sea traffic and national fishing, which also reduces the PM emissions
Further cost-effective measures to reduce PM emissions in the CAFE scenarios for the EU-25 (2) Industrial processes (22% of CAFE Case A reduction): • High efficiency dedusters to control stack emissions • Good practice to control fugitive emissions (for all countries and all ambition levels) Waste (19% of CAFE Case A reduction): • Good practice • Ban on open burning of agricultural and household waste
Further cost-effective measures to reduce PM emissions in the CAFE scenarios for the EU-25 (3) Power plants (10% of CAFE Case A reduction): • High efficiency dedusters for all existing and new boilers using solid fuels • Good housekeeping measures for oil boilers Industrial combustion (2% of CAFE Case A reduction): • High efficiency dedusters for all countries and all ambition levels • Good housekeeping measures on oil boilers Conversion sector (1% of CAFE Case A reduction): • High efficiency dedusters (electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters) for process sources in refineries and coking plants • Good housekeeping for oil fired furnaces
SNAP 10: Agriculture SNAP 9: Waste treatment and disposal SNAP 8: Other mobile sources and machinery + non-technical measures! SNAP 7: Road transport SNAP 5: Extraction and distribution SNAP 4: Production processes SNAP 3: Combustion in manufacturing industry SNAP 2: Non-industrial combustion plants SNAP 1: Combustion in energy industries 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 kilotons PM2.5 MTFR Room for further improvement beyond CLE Current legislation 2000-2020 Potential for further measures in Non-EU countries
Conclusions • A wide range of technical and non-technical measures to control primary PM2.5 emissions from all sectors is available • Many of them are already applied (or will be applied due to existing legislation), especially in the EU • Many of the “current legislation” measures of the EU are not yet considered in the EECCA countries, especially for industrial process emissions • Further reductions of primary PM emissions are cost-effective means for improving ambient PM2.5, also in the EU-25 • Large scope for non-technical measures to reduce PM emissions from small sources (solid fuel combustion), especially in EECCA countries