Additional Technical and Non-Technical Reduction Measures for Primary PM 10

1. Additional Technical and Non-Technical Reduction Measures for Primary PM 10 • Overview: • Which sources are of relevance? • What means additional? • German background about removal efficiency of technical abatement systems for PM • Proposals for additional technical and non- technical measures • Summary/Conclusions for discussion

2. Which sources are of relevance? • „Major Source in the context of the UNECE HM-Protocol is a source which contributes >1% of the Party‘s total PM • - the list of relevant sources will vary from country to country • - requires knowledge about the emission inventory • - uncertainties about the contribution of various sources to air quality • Annex II of the HM-Protocol is related to the Corinair/SNAP classification and contains • 11 key source categories; • For PM 10 a further differentiation is necessary, i.e. process related, fuel related

3. Proposal for relevant Major Stationary Sources for primary PM 10 Energy and Heating Combustion of fossil fuels in utility and industrial boilers Small furnaces and Domestic boilers, Residential heating Processing of ferrous ores and primary iron and steel industry Coke Production Sinter Plants Pig Iron Production (Blast Furnace) Open-Hearth Furnace Basic Oxygen Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Iron and Steel Foundries Non Ferrous Metals Industry Primary Aluminium Secondary Aluminium Other Non-Ferrous Metals Production Mineral Industry Cement Production Lime, Gypsum Production Glass Production Manufacture of Ceramic Products Asphalt Production Other Stationary Sources Storage and Handling of Bulk Materials Waste Incineration Coal Briquettes Production Fertilizer Production Production of Carbon Black Production of Sugar

4. What means additional? • new/emerging/available//existing/implemented/? • Situation: The implemented status of technical abatement techniques in UNECE and in particular in EECCA countries is very different. • I.e: The average daily TSP emission concentration in LCP‘s in Germany is below • 20 mg/m3. For existing LCP‘s the limit value in the LCP-directive is 100 mg/m3 for LCP‘s below 500 MW. BAT in the context of IPPC refers more and more to „ranges of values“ • In many cases IPPC requirements (BAT) are still an ambitious goal and can be regarded as additional in many cases (most EECCA countries?) • The HM Protocol gives in Annex III general and specific technical options for reducing particulate bound HM which are applicable for PM • The HM Protocol gives in Annex V limit values, which are applicable for PM and which can be a starting point for PM limit values • Stating that additional means new in the sense of emerging the No. of applications will be limited; probable processing uncertainties; feasability and viability concerning additional measures will lead to much controversy; Total PM reduction potential of those measures would be relatively low. • Our understanding: Additional is anything better than what we have!

5. Table 1: Summary of the Results of the German measuring Programme for Stationary Sources 1 amine-scubber in an iron foundry 2 combination with electrostatic pecipitator 3 combination cyclone with venturiscubber at a cupola furnace

6. Table 2: Removal efficiencies of dust seperators for PM 10

7. Figure 1: Size related efficiency of different dust abatement systems (Fritz and Kern, 1990)

8. Additional Technical and Non-Technical Reduction Measures for Primary PM 10 • Point sources • - Upgrading of implemented reduction systems, disigning, maintainance • - Combining ESP and FF to upgrade undersized ESP‘s (ENTEC) • - ESP: Removal Improvement by SO3 or watersteam conditioning, ultrasonic • agglomeration and high voltage pulsation • - Application of low-emission process technology, i.e. KSR-Technology for sek, Copper; • low emission poling for sek. Copper; • Diffuse process-emissions: • - Optimized collection of diffuse process emissions • ( A German investigation project at a primary copper plant and a iron foundry showed that 80% of total PM is emitted via roofline, windows and gates; in a subsequently conducted investment project these emissions was reduced by app. 80% due to a such called „house in house“- technology (housing of a converter leads to less offgas)

9. Additional Technical and Non-Technical Reduction Measures for Primary PM 10 • Additional (Non)- technical Reduction Measures: • - Policy! • - Additional energy saving efforts • - Fuel switch where possible (to gaseous fuel, light fuel oil with 0,1% sulphor) 30% PM 10 Reduction • - EUP Guideline (Requirements for Massenprodukte, small combustion units) • - Environmental labeling • Targeting Storage and handling: Technical and non-technical measures: • - Measures regarding the loading method, loading equipment, the loading site, solid substances; Successful air quality management plans (Duisburger Hafen, local scale, short therm) • BREF „Storage“: Pre-primary approaches: starts with production and extraction process and reduce the materials tendency to form dust (sieving, wetting, pelletizing etc.) (In the glass industry wet sand (humidity af about 5%) can be delivered and processed to the furnace due to a furnace improvment. • Primary approaches during handling and storage such as organisational, technical and constructional to prevent dust formation • Secondary approaches: Abatement techniques to limit dust distribution; dust seperators

10. Conclusions for the discussion • - Additional should not in particular focus on new or emerging • - Additional also means implementing and improvement of existing abatement techniques • - Stringent TSP limitation is better than requirements on the removal efficiency (measurement effort, raw gas, size fraction) • - In many cases diffuse PM Emissions from processes and storage becomes more relevant than point source emissions • - Available Fabric Filter, ESP‘s and optimized Wet Systems show high removal efficiencies for PM 10 and PM 2,5 • - Additional Technical PM abatement means in particular an improvement in the off gas collection • - HM-Protocol requirements can be used for PM but the source list should be enlarged and more differentiated • - BAT in the context of IPPC is a good starting point • - Initiate a research work to elaborate a technical PM - Annex

11. Table 3: PM 10 from Other Industrial Processes (1996/2003/2010) (Baseline scenario) • 1) Over estimated emission in 1996; new evaluation of the emission factor for 2003

12. Table 4: German assessment Inventory for PM 10 for different stationary sectors (Baseline scenario) 3Plants covered by the 1st Ordinance unter the Federal Immission Control Act (base year 1995)