Sources of PM Emissions in Europe

1. Sources of PM Emissions in Europe

2. RAINSEmission and cost calculation scheme Size distribution Control strategies, legislation Activity data Emissions and Costs Emission factor Vintages Current practice Other Base year: Detailed (but available from published sources) energy, agriculture, transport and industrial production statistics. Abatement technologies (efficiency, costs, etc.) Forecast: Aggregated data and economic indicators Legend: - Data assumed in the model but available for review - Data asked for - Data available from guidebooks - Result of calculation

3. Methodology • Emission factors for TSP first • mass balance approach for stationary combustion sources • reported factors for the mobile and other sources • PM10 and PM2.5 fractions for uncontrolled emissions • Uncontrolled emission factors forfine / coarse / PM>10 • Size-specific emission removal efficiencies

4. Source sectors • Compatible with the current RAINS structure • Additional information/sources: • boiler type and size (grate, fluidized bed, pulverized fuel), • unleaded gasoline, • gasoline direct injection engines, • brake and tire wear, road abrasion, • material handling, • industrial processes (e.g. fertilizer production) • other ‘dust’.

5. Source sectorsStationary combustion sources • Centralized power and district heating plants • Existing plants* (wet bottom, other types of boilers) • New plants • Fuel production and conversion sector • Industrial combustion plants • Boilers • Other combustion • Residential combustion * Refers to all plants commissioned before or in 1990

6. Source sectorsIndustrial processes • Cement production • Iron and Steel • Pig iron production • Coke production • Sinter production • Electric arc and basic oxygen furnaces • Non-ferrous metal smelters • Fertilizer production • Pulp and paper industry

7. Source sectorsMobile sources • Exhaust emissions • Heavy duty vehicles (trucks, busses) • Light duty vehicles, cars, motorcycles * • Gasoline direct injection engines • Unleaded gasoline • Off-road machinery * • National sea shipping (medium and large vessels) • Non-exhaust emissions • Tire and brake wear • Road abrasion * For gasoline distinguishing between 2 and 4-stroke engines

8. Source sectorsOther sources • Agriculture • pig farms • poultry farms • cattle farms • other • Material handling • Other dust

9. Data sourcesActivity data • Stationary combustion • International and national energy statistics, DG Energy projections, Official Energy Pathway • Industrial processes • International commodity statistics, national experts • Mobile sources • as stationary combustion and AUTO OIL • Other • TNO (1993), FAO (1999), EFMA (1998), IFA (1999), national experts

10. Data sourcesEmission factors • Stationary combustion • AEAT (1999), UBA (1999), EPA (1999) IEA, UNECE databases on fuel characteristics, national experts • Industrial processes • EPA (1998), AEAT (2000), UBA (1999) • Mobile sources • AUTO OIL, Wulf (1998), CBS-RIVM (1998) • Other • RIVM (2000)

11. Conclusions/ Summary • Framework for calculating European emissions of PM developed • Most important PM sources covered • The model has an open environment • The model is available on the web • Further work is necessary to: • improve database on country specific parameters (e.g., fuel characteristics, current practices, legislation, etc.) • assess the importance of fugitive losses • perform further verification