water as a design medium

1. Good Morning and welcome to the LATICRETE International AIA/CES Continuing Education Seminar. Your attendance is appreciated. Your attendance here will be recorded and presented to the AIA/CES officials. LATICRETE International has been providing Tile and Stone Installation solutions around the world for nearly 50 years. We provide one of the most comprehensive training programs and technical support services in the industry.Good Morning and welcome to the LATICRETE International AIA/CES Continuing Education Seminar. Your attendance is appreciated. Your attendance here will be recorded and presented to the AIA/CES officials. LATICRETE International has been providing Tile and Stone Installation solutions around the world for nearly 50 years. We provide one of the most comprehensive training programs and technical support services in the industry.

2. GOOD NEWS ! - there is a vast unrealized potential for use of ceramic tile, thin stone and thin brick as a facade cladding material BAD NEWS ! - lack of confidence to design & specify direct adhered thin tile as a facade cladding due to inconsistent performance history WHY ? thin tile facades are often designed, specified & constructed without consideration of complex interactions between components We will review two installation case studies. One is a project that uses the conventional scratch and float coat method over wire lath with waterproofing membrane on a prestigious project at Walt Disney World, Orlando, FL. This method is the most common of the two methods. At times the scratch and float coat is replaced with a layer of exterior grade cement backer board. It is then waterproofed, then the tile and stone is adhered to the waterproofing membrane. The second case study will demonstrate the use of another installation option that is refered to as the �epoxy spot bonding method�. This system is ideal for large format tile and stone. It can be used in place of mechanical anchors. It helps to reduce installation costs, and speed up the installation process. Some other time and cost savings include � not having to drill anchor holes in the stones; no need to cut kerfs in the stone edges to receive the anchors. Prevents waste. Drilling holes and cutting kerfs into stone produces a measure of waste. Generally, a mechanically clipped system is a very slow labor intensive installation system, that requires a stone to put into place and taken down several times before it is actually set in place. The spot bonding system is very different and much easier to install. GOOD NEWS ! - there is a vast unrealized potential for use of ceramic tile, thin stone and thin brick as a facade cladding material BAD NEWS ! - lack of confidence to design & specify direct adhered thin tile as a facade cladding due to inconsistent performance history WHY ? thin tile facades are often designed, specified & constructed without consideration of complex interactions between components We will review two installation case studies. One is a project that uses the conventional scratch and float coat method over wire lath with waterproofing membrane on a prestigious project at Walt Disney World, Orlando, FL. This method is the most common of the two methods. At times the scratch and float coat is replaced with a layer of exterior grade cement backer board. It is then waterproofed, then the tile and stone is adhered to the waterproofing membrane. The second case study will demonstrate the use of another installation option that is refered to as the �epoxy spot bonding method�. This system is ideal for large format tile and stone. It can be used in place of mechanical anchors. It helps to reduce installation costs, and speed up the installation process. Some other time and cost savings include � not having to drill anchor holes in the stones; no need to cut kerfs in the stone edges to receive the anchors. Prevents waste. Drilling holes and cutting kerfs into stone produces a measure of waste. Generally, a mechanically clipped system is a very slow labor intensive installation system, that requires a stone to put into place and taken down several times before it is actually set in place. The spot bonding system is very different and much easier to install.

3. There are a few things that we want to take away from today�s presentation. We want to stress the importance of protecting spaces with a properly specified and installed waterproofing membrane. We want to discuss the various types of membranes that are available on the market, and we also want to mention some of the pitfalls and limitations of waterproofing systems. We will also review the industry standards and designations for waterproofing membranes. Water Design Element Architects have always been interested and intrigued by the power and beauty that water features lend to their designs. Water is a dynamic, reflective, fluid movement. It allows an interaction (blends) with surroundings and human participation. It also becomes a comforting white noise that may help sooth the busy life humans lead. Advance Technical Improvements Advances in tile manufacturing have increased performance and durability. Many types of tile are dimensionally stable when exposed to water, freeze/thaw or thermal shock conditions. Tile and Stone adhesive manufactures have greatly improved the direct bond of waterproofing membrane technology and adhesive improvements by allowing greater flexibility and durability. Affordability High quality materials may cost more initially but will last for a long time.There are a few things that we want to take away from today�s presentation. We want to stress the importance of protecting spaces with a properly specified and installed waterproofing membrane. We want to discuss the various types of membranes that are available on the market, and we also want to mention some of the pitfalls and limitations of waterproofing systems. We will also review the industry standards and designations for waterproofing membranes. Water Design Element Architects have always been interested and intrigued by the power and beauty that water features lend to their designs. Water is a dynamic, reflective, fluid movement. It allows an interaction (blends) with surroundings and human participation. It also becomes a comforting white noise that may help sooth the busy life humans lead. Advance Technical Improvements Advances in tile manufacturing have increased performance and durability. Many types of tile are dimensionally stable when exposed to water, freeze/thaw or thermal shock conditions. Tile and Stone adhesive manufactures have greatly improved the direct bond of waterproofing membrane technology and adhesive improvements by allowing greater flexibility and durability. Affordability High quality materials may cost more initially but will last for a long time.

4. 90% of all waterproofing problems involve 1% of the installation area. Waterproofing products are relatively foolproof. Proper detailing and installation with other building components is critical. Leaks often occur at drains, penetrations, seams and transitions with other materials as a result of poor design detailing and/or careless installations. 77% of design professional liability insurance claim dollars paid involve water leakage and water damage. Waterproofing is one of the most important, and over looked item in installation systems. It is imperative that the Architect, engineer and contractor understand the waterproofing product usage and limitations. In most cases an email or phone call to the waterproofing manufacture will help avoid headaches in the future.90% of all waterproofing problems involve 1% of the installation area. Waterproofing products are relatively foolproof. Proper detailing and installation with other building components is critical. Leaks often occur at drains, penetrations, seams and transitions with other materials as a result of poor design detailing and/or careless installations. 77% of design professional liability insurance claim dollars paid involve water leakage and water damage. Waterproofing is one of the most important, and over looked item in installation systems. It is imperative that the Architect, engineer and contractor understand the waterproofing product usage and limitations. In most cases an email or phone call to the waterproofing manufacture will help avoid headaches in the future.

5. Types of Applications Due to the technological advances in tile manufacturing, installation materials, and compatible direct bond waterproofing membranes, successful application of tile in these applications have had very successful installations for the past 50 years.Types of Applications Due to the technological advances in tile manufacturing, installation materials, and compatible direct bond waterproofing membranes, successful application of tile in these applications have had very successful installations for the past 50 years.

6. This conceptual design for the Technology Museum in New York City involves the dramatic use of Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) panels as wall cladding and tile features which are an integral design of the building.This conceptual design for the Technology Museum in New York City involves the dramatic use of Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) panels as wall cladding and tile features which are an integral design of the building.

7. This hotel pool is typical of many hotel pools where they are built on the upper level or roof levels, over occupied space below, and require positive waterproofing. The raised curb and flush gutter system (used to achieve this look) is made possible due to a direct adhered waterproofing membrane. This hotel pool is typical of many hotel pools where they are built on the upper level or roof levels, over occupied space below, and require positive waterproofing. The raised curb and flush gutter system (used to achieve this look) is made possible due to a direct adhered waterproofing membrane.

8. This ceramic tile pool design, recently featured in Architectural Record, is considered one of the premier aquatic facilities in the U.S.. It was built for the Goodwill Games, and incorporates features such as recessed gutters to eliminate water turbulence during competition. This ceramic tile pool design, recently featured in Architectural Record, is considered one of the premier aquatic facilities in the U.S.. It was built for the Goodwill Games, and incorporates features such as recessed gutters to eliminate water turbulence during competition.

9. This Sandal�s Resort pool in St. Lucia incorporates a playful tile design, and a submerged pool bar where patrons can swim to and �belly up� to the bar.This Sandal�s Resort pool in St. Lucia incorporates a playful tile design, and a submerged pool bar where patrons can swim to and �belly up� to the bar.

10. This swimming pool is built on a plaza, with hotel rooms below, and incorporates ceramic tile cladding over a free-form configuration, multiple water features and a flush gutter system.This swimming pool is built on a plaza, with hotel rooms below, and incorporates ceramic tile cladding over a free-form configuration, multiple water features and a flush gutter system.

11. Renovation of this historic New York natatorium required waterproofing methods that would not add any additional thickness to the existing construction. Renovation of this historic New York natatorium required waterproofing methods that would not add any additional thickness to the existing construction.

12. Sanitation (disinfecting chemicals) and pH correction can corrode reinforcing steel. Carbonization of concrete could occur as a result of constant agitation and introduction of carbon dioxide into the water. It is very important to place a waterproofing membrane directly beneath the ceramic tile surface to protect the underlying concrete from more rapid deterioration that can occur.Sanitation (disinfecting chemicals) and pH correction can corrode reinforcing steel. Carbonization of concrete could occur as a result of constant agitation and introduction of carbon dioxide into the water. It is very important to place a waterproofing membrane directly beneath the ceramic tile surface to protect the underlying concrete from more rapid deterioration that can occur.

13. This fountain incorporates a direct bond waterproof membrane beneath the cementitious plaster coating and handmade ceramic tile mural.This fountain incorporates a direct bond waterproof membrane beneath the cementitious plaster coating and handmade ceramic tile mural.

14. Here is an example of intricate waterproofing detailing on an exterior Texas waterscape. Minor leakage of an exterior, on-grade water feature might not cause concern but incorporating a waterproofing membrane protects against efflorescence at the perimeter areas exposed to the air and protects against the deterioration of underlying concrete and reinforcing steel.Here is an example of intricate waterproofing detailing on an exterior Texas waterscape. Minor leakage of an exterior, on-grade water feature might not cause concern but incorporating a waterproofing membrane protects against efflorescence at the perimeter areas exposed to the air and protects against the deterioration of underlying concrete and reinforcing steel.

15. Conventional Methods These systems were very heavy and cumbersome. Most required a unbonded thick bed system. New Technology With advancements through research it is now possible to have direct bond, load-bearing membrane construction through thin, load bearing waterproof membranes. These systems shape easily in corners, seats, treads and many other applications.Conventional Methods These systems were very heavy and cumbersome. Most required a unbonded thick bed system. New Technology With advancements through research it is now possible to have direct bond, load-bearing membrane construction through thin, load bearing waterproof membranes. These systems shape easily in corners, seats, treads and many other applications.

16. In this conventional method example, the membrane is typically an inexpensive, bituminous or elastomeric waterproof membrane which does not allow/support direct adhesion of ceramic tile. A separate 2 in (50 mm) thick topping slab is required to provide a substrate with enough mass to �sandwich� the membrane and provide a substrate with enough mass and stability to allow proper installation of tile and transfer of loads. A positive pitch to drains and gutter systems is important for proper moisture evacuation.In this conventional method example, the membrane is typically an inexpensive, bituminous or elastomeric waterproof membrane which does not allow/support direct adhesion of ceramic tile. A separate 2 in (50 mm) thick topping slab is required to provide a substrate with enough mass to �sandwich� the membrane and provide a substrate with enough mass and stability to allow proper installation of tile and transfer of loads. A positive pitch to drains and gutter systems is important for proper moisture evacuation.

17. Swimming Pool Gutter Detail With the new technology of thin load bearing waterproof membranes form fitting to difficult shapes and location is now easier.Swimming Pool Gutter Detail With the new technology of thin load bearing waterproof membranes form fitting to difficult shapes and location is now easier.

18. Pipe Penetrations Pre-Treat penetrations. Make sure it is detailed to pack any gaps around pipes, lights or other penetrations with a compressible backer rod and suitable waterproof sealant. Once the waterproofing has been applied allow to dry, and seal flashing with a waterproof sealant. Drains Pre-Treat drains. Drains must be of the clamping ring type, with weepers and as per ANSI A112.21.1. Apply the waterproofing materials per manufactures instructions. When dry, apply a waterproof sealant bead where the waterproofing meets the drain throat. Install top half of drain clamping ring.Pipe Penetrations Pre-Treat penetrations. Make sure it is detailed to pack any gaps around pipes, lights or other penetrations with a compressible backer rod and suitable waterproof sealant. Once the waterproofing has been applied allow to dry, and seal flashing with a waterproof sealant. Drains Pre-Treat drains. Drains must be of the clamping ring type, with weepers and as per ANSI A112.21.1. Apply the waterproofing materials per manufactures instructions. When dry, apply a waterproof sealant bead where the waterproofing meets the drain throat. Install top half of drain clamping ring.

19. Now we will get into the actual industry reference standards and materials designation that specifiers use to prescribe the correct waterproofing membrane for use with ceramic tile and stone. Material Property Tests ANSI A118.10 - 1993 While some direct bond waterproof membrane products have been on the market for over 25 years, the ANSI standard of performance for direct bond waterproof membranes for tile installations was only recently approved in 1993. The standard is ANSI A118.10 - 1993. This standard includes testing for the following materials� properties: Micro-organism Resistance Shall not support mold growth after 14 day incubation Breaking Strength ASTM D 752 170 psi (1.17 Mpa) transverse & longitudinal Seam Strength ASTM D 751 8 lbs./inch (0.06 Mpa/25 mm) of width Dimensional Stability ASTM D 1204 0.7 % length change -15o to 158o F Waterproof Capabilities ASTM D 4068 48 hour exposure to hydrostatic pressure, no leakageNow we will get into the actual industry reference standards and materials designation that specifiers use to prescribe the correct waterproofing membrane for use with ceramic tile and stone. Material Property Tests ANSI A118.10 - 1993 While some direct bond waterproof membrane products have been on the market for over 25 years, the ANSI standard of performance for direct bond waterproof membranes for tile installations was only recently approved in 1993. The standard is ANSI A118.10 - 1993. This standard includes testing for the following materials� properties: Micro-organism Resistance Shall not support mold growth after 14 day incubation Breaking Strength ASTM D 752 170 psi (1.17 Mpa) transverse & longitudinal Seam Strength ASTM D 751 8 lbs./inch (0.06 Mpa/25 mm) of width Dimensional Stability ASTM D 1204 0.7 % length change -15o to 158o F Waterproof Capabilities ASTM D 4068 48 hour exposure to hydrostatic pressure, no leakage

20. Adhesion Strength Tests These tests measure the adhesion strength performance of the membrane within a typical ceramic tile assembly. The seven day test is important in that it measures the bond strength of the assembly when it is first exposed to moisture. The 100 day test is most important, as it measures the effect of prolonged exposure to moisture, and to some degree, alkaline conditions.Adhesion Strength Tests These tests measure the adhesion strength performance of the membrane within a typical ceramic tile assembly. The seven day test is important in that it measures the bond strength of the assembly when it is first exposed to moisture. The 100 day test is most important, as it measures the effect of prolonged exposure to moisture, and to some degree, alkaline conditions.

21. BOCA, UBC & International Codes Require 50 psi (0.35 Mpa) minimum shear bond strength for adhered veneer tile assemblies ANSI A118.1 Dry-Set Mortar Standard Requires 7, 28 & 100 day shear bond strength of 50 psi (0.35 Mpa) ANSI 118.10 standard for direct bond membranes consistent with lowest common denominator in tile assemblyBOCA, UBC & International Codes Require 50 psi (0.35 Mpa) minimum shear bond strength for adhered veneer tile assemblies ANSI A118.1 Dry-Set Mortar Standard Requires 7, 28 & 100 day shear bond strength of 50 psi (0.35 Mpa) ANSI 118.10 standard for direct bond membranes consistent with lowest common denominator in tile assembly

22. While many direct bond waterproof membranes meet the minimum physical requirements of ANSI 118.10 standards and building codes, local or other regulations may require additional evaluation and approvals by industry standard product evaluation organizations such as IAPMO (International Assoc. of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials) (similar to UL Underwriters Laboratories approval for electrical products). Shower pan receptor waterproofing is commonly regulated by these types of local and regulatory agency approvals. IAMPO International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials Evaluates and approves plumbing products Approval of direct bond waterproof membranes for shower receptor use State and Local Codes May regulate use of concealed, direct bond waterproof membranes for certain applications (shower receptors, plaza decks)While many direct bond waterproof membranes meet the minimum physical requirements of ANSI 118.10 standards and building codes, local or other regulations may require additional evaluation and approvals by industry standard product evaluation organizations such as IAPMO (International Assoc. of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials) (similar to UL Underwriters Laboratories approval for electrical products). Shower pan receptor waterproofing is commonly regulated by these types of local and regulatory agency approvals. IAMPO International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials Evaluates and approves plumbing products Approval of direct bond waterproof membranes for shower receptor use State and Local Codes May regulate use of concealed, direct bond waterproof membranes for certain applications (shower receptors, plaza decks)

23. There are four basic types of direct bond membranes. Sheet Applied This type of membrane involves a specially surfaced, prefabricated waterproof sheet which is seamed together on-site with adhesive and installed with either a proprietary adhesive, or a standard latex - cement adhesive mortar. The textured fabric fused to the surface of the membrane, or the configuration of the sheet itself, give these membranes the unique quality of allowing direct bonding of ceramic tile. Types Polyethylene or CPE, is non-plasticized elastomer and remains flexible for the life of the membrane. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), this type of membrane formulation may rely on plasticizers for flexibility, which can give off gas and may lead to a brittle membrane over time (similar to PVC flashing) Polymer Modified Bitumen sheet membranes should be checked for compatibility with tile adhesive. Sheet applied membranes are always prefabricated sheets of material which are waterproof (and pass ASTM D1079 resistance to hydrostatic pressure). The waterproof capabilities are typically dependent on the quality of the seams between sheets to maintain waterproof integrity Fluid Applied Also as the name implies, this category involves the on-site application of a cold, fluid waterproofing liquid, often with an imbedded reinforcing fabric, to form a seamless, continuous waterproof membrane. The reinforcing fabric and liquids are specially formulated to be compatible and allow direct bond of tile. Typical types of fluid applied waterproofing membranes are: Latex - This type of membrane usually involves a polyester reinforcing fabric with a brush or roller application of a proprietary liquid latex. The fabric provides some degree of mechanical key to improve tile adhesion and the latex formulation is also compatible with thin set adhesives used to install tile. The fabric also serves as a gauging mechanism to insure that the appropriate amount of material is installed to create a waterproof membrane. Modified Bitumen Latex - This type of membrane is typically a less expensive version of 100% latex formulations as described above. Advantages: Continuous membrane with no (integral) seams. Quality control of seam installation is a major disadvantage of sheet applied membranes. No fumes, water clean-up (latex), Latex membranes are cold applied, clean up easily with water and do not emit any harmful fumes or odors. Load-bearing. These membranes offer the thinnest sections down to 20 mil (.020� or 1 mm) and transfer loads directly to the substrate thus eliminating cracking of the tile that is possible under thicker, more spongy sheet and fluid membranes. Disadvantages: Exterior Applications - require weather protection during installation to allow the material to cure properly. On-site Quality Control to insure consistent thickness. As with seaming of sheet membranes, the thickness of some products is hard to gauge. In some products, saturation of the reinforcing fabric is the gauge of consistent thickness. Poor Bond to Metals (latex) - Latex formulations do not have good bond to metal penetrations and junctions, and require closure with supplementary sealant, such as urethane or silicone. Trowel Applied Also as the name implies, usually a polymer modified -cementitious material or a thick, viscous liquid which is applied with a trowel to form a seamless membrane. Acrylic Polymer Modified Cement: These products consist of a liquid latex mixed with a proprietary cement powder, and in some cases include embedding a reinforcing fabric. They are trowel applied, and while economical, are labor intensive, especially in large areas. Bitumen Modified Latex Mastic: These products are a more viscous variation of fluid applied bitumen modified products. Urethane - This type of membrane, which categorically could also be considered a trowel applied membrane, involves the application of a thick, viscous urethane liquid either with a trowel or other approval method, and typically does not involve any reinforcing membrane. High solids polymer modification fill voids and capillaries in cement mortar Integral Additives This type of direct bond waterproofing is also known by the terms capillary waterproofing or crystallization. While this method categorically belongs in this family of direct bond waterproofing membranes, it is not a membrane in a physical sense, but rather an internal chemical reaction in concrete that forms a barrier to water when applied to the surface or directly to the concrete mix. There are two types Brush-on Cementitious and Dosed additive to ready-mix concrete. The proprietary chemical reacts with free lime (calcium hydroxide), which is a by-product of the cement hydration process. The reaction creates a crystal growth in the pores and capillaries of the concrete, blocking the transfer of water. The concrete needs to be damp or wet in order for the chemical to work, and the depth of the penetration of surface applied product will increase with time and exposure to moisture.There are four basic types of direct bond membranes. Sheet Applied This type of membrane involves a specially surfaced, prefabricated waterproof sheet which is seamed together on-site with adhesive and installed with either a proprietary adhesive, or a standard latex - cement adhesive mortar. The textured fabric fused to the surface of the membrane, or the configuration of the sheet itself, give these membranes the unique quality of allowing direct bonding of ceramic tile. Types Polyethylene or CPE, is non-plasticized elastomer and remains flexible for the life of the membrane. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), this type of membrane formulation may rely on plasticizers for flexibility, which can give off gas and may lead to a brittle membrane over time (similar to PVC flashing) Polymer Modified Bitumen sheet membranes should be checked for compatibility with tile adhesive. Sheet applied membranes are always prefabricated sheets of material which are waterproof (and pass ASTM D1079 resistance to hydrostatic pressure). The waterproof capabilities are typically dependent on the quality of the seams between sheets to maintain waterproof integrity Fluid Applied Also as the name implies, this category involves the on-site application of a cold, fluid waterproofing liquid, often with an imbedded reinforcing fabric, to form a seamless, continuous waterproof membrane. The reinforcing fabric and liquids are specially formulated to be compatible and allow direct bond of tile. Typical types of fluid applied waterproofing membranes are: Latex - This type of membrane usually involves a polyester reinforcing fabric with a brush or roller application of a proprietary liquid latex. The fabric provides some degree of mechanical key to improve tile adhesion and the latex formulation is also compatible with thin set adhesives used to install tile. The fabric also serves as a gauging mechanism to insure that the appropriate amount of material is installed to create a waterproof membrane. Modified Bitumen Latex - This type of membrane is typically a less expensive version of 100% latex formulations as described above. Advantages: Continuous membrane with no (integral) seams. Quality control of seam installation is a major disadvantage of sheet applied membranes. No fumes, water clean-up (latex), Latex membranes are cold applied, clean up easily with water and do not emit any harmful fumes or odors. Load-bearing. These membranes offer the thinnest sections down to 20 mil (.020� or 1 mm) and transfer loads directly to the substrate thus eliminating cracking of the tile that is possible under thicker, more spongy sheet and fluid membranes. Disadvantages: Exterior Applications - require weather protection during installation to allow the material to cure properly. On-site Quality Control to insure consistent thickness. As with seaming of sheet membranes, the thickness of some products is hard to gauge. In some products, saturation of the reinforcing fabric is the gauge of consistent thickness. Poor Bond to Metals (latex) - Latex formulations do not have good bond to metal penetrations and junctions, and require closure with supplementary sealant, such as urethane or silicone. Trowel Applied Also as the name implies, usually a polymer modified -cementitious material or a thick, viscous liquid which is applied with a trowel to form a seamless membrane. Acrylic Polymer Modified Cement: These products consist of a liquid latex mixed with a proprietary cement powder, and in some cases include embedding a reinforcing fabric. They are trowel applied, and while economical, are labor intensive, especially in large areas. Bitumen Modified Latex Mastic: These products are a more viscous variation of fluid applied bitumen modified products. Urethane - This type of membrane, which categorically could also be considered a trowel applied membrane, involves the application of a thick, viscous urethane liquid either with a trowel or other approval method, and typically does not involve any reinforcing membrane. High solids polymer modification fill voids and capillaries in cement mortar Integral Additives This type of direct bond waterproofing is also known by the terms capillary waterproofing or crystallization. While this method categorically belongs in this family of direct bond waterproofing membranes, it is not a membrane in a physical sense, but rather an internal chemical reaction in concrete that forms a barrier to water when applied to the surface or directly to the concrete mix. There are two types Brush-on Cementitious and Dosed additive to ready-mix concrete. The proprietary chemical reacts with free lime (calcium hydroxide), which is a by-product of the cement hydration process. The reaction creates a crystal growth in the pores and capillaries of the concrete, blocking the transfer of water. The concrete needs to be damp or wet in order for the chemical to work, and the depth of the penetration of surface applied product will increase with time and exposure to moisture.

24. This is an example of a liquid applied membrane product. Explain the components of the diagram.This is an example of a liquid applied membrane product. Explain the components of the diagram.

25. Installation Criteria Pre-Qualifying the installation you should always ask yourself �will this membrane be right for my project?� Considerations on your project. Interior or Exterior This is a fundamental criteria, as some membranes do not perform well when in exterior environments where they are exposed to movement from temperature extremes, or may be affected by continued exposure to dampness or alkaline conditions typical of on-grade exterior applications. Type and Condition of Substrate First line of analysis is the substrate material, such as concrete or plywood. This will immediately provide basic compatibility information. The condition of the substrate, such as existing shrinkage cracks, a rough surface, or wet subsurface conditions would further narrow your choice of appropriate materials. Type of Water Exposure Categories for type of water exposure would be: 1) limited, 2) intermittent, or 3) constant (submerged). An example of limited exposure would be a bathroom floor or kitchen, unless you are planning for a worst case scenario of significant water leakage that could not be removed within several hours. An example of intermittent exposure would be a shower wall, or even a shower floor. An example of constant exposure would be a fountain, pool or other submerged water feature. Related Factors Chemical Exposure: It is possible for certain chemicals, especially those used in a swimming pool, to cause deterioration or loss of adhesion of loss of adhesion to a direct bond membrane. Compatibility of Materials: Some membranes may not be compatible with some types of tile adhesives, so careful analysis of compatibility with the proposed adhesive is required.Installation Criteria Pre-Qualifying the installation you should always ask yourself �will this membrane be right for my project?� Considerations on your project. Interior or Exterior This is a fundamental criteria, as some membranes do not perform well when in exterior environments where they are exposed to movement from temperature extremes, or may be affected by continued exposure to dampness or alkaline conditions typical of on-grade exterior applications. Type and Condition of Substrate First line of analysis is the substrate material, such as concrete or plywood. This will immediately provide basic compatibility information. The condition of the substrate, such as existing shrinkage cracks, a rough surface, or wet subsurface conditions would further narrow your choice of appropriate materials. Type of Water Exposure Categories for type of water exposure would be: 1) limited, 2) intermittent, or 3) constant (submerged). An example of limited exposure would be a bathroom floor or kitchen, unless you are planning for a worst case scenario of significant water leakage that could not be removed within several hours. An example of intermittent exposure would be a shower wall, or even a shower floor. An example of constant exposure would be a fountain, pool or other submerged water feature. Related Factors Chemical Exposure: It is possible for certain chemicals, especially those used in a swimming pool, to cause deterioration or loss of adhesion of loss of adhesion to a direct bond membrane. Compatibility of Materials: Some membranes may not be compatible with some types of tile adhesives, so careful analysis of compatibility with the proposed adhesive is required.

26. Most waterproofing membranes are part of a total system. Warranties can be voided if the systems materials are not used in full. Always check with the manufacturer of the waterproofing to avoid complications with other manufactures setting materials. Most Manufacturers are willing to help with specifications and proper detailing of waterproofing and setting materials.Most waterproofing membranes are part of a total system. Warranties can be voided if the systems materials are not used in full. Always check with the manufacturer of the waterproofing to avoid complications with other manufactures setting materials. Most Manufacturers are willing to help with specifications and proper detailing of waterproofing and setting materials.

27. Summary and Conclusion: 1) Understand the fundamental concepts of waterproofing ceramic tile installations and the differences between conventional and new waterproofing technologies. 2) There are many different types of direct bond waterproofing membrane products for ceramic tile installation. 3) Carefully identify installation criteria: The type, requirements and conditions of the proposed application. 4) Identify products which satisfy the installation criteria, and carefully analyze the technical advantages and disadvantages of each category and type of direct bond membrane before considering related factors such as cost. Thank you for your attention. Who has the first question?Summary and Conclusion: 1) Understand the fundamental concepts of waterproofing ceramic tile installations and the differences between conventional and new waterproofing technologies. 2) There are many different types of direct bond waterproofing membrane products for ceramic tile installation. 3) Carefully identify installation criteria: The type, requirements and conditions of the proposed application. 4) Identify products which satisfy the installation criteria, and carefully analyze the technical advantages and disadvantages of each category and type of direct bond membrane before considering related factors such as cost. Thank you for your attention. Who has the first question?

29. You have many choices � why choose LATICRETE? Tile and Stone installation materials is all we do. We pour all of our resources into creating solutions to installation challenges brought about by changes in technology in construction and in the tile and stone industries. We�ve provided innovative solutions for our entire existence and will continue into the future. LATICRETE products are available and have been used the world over in all types of climates and installation types. Our experience and success in these demanding environments is your best guarantee of success. We stand behind our brand. Comprehensive labor and materials warranties are available for all types of installation systems. They are written in advance, in plain and simple language and are available for review at www.laticrete.com Our Technical Support and training are second to none. Our staff of 8 full time Technical Service Representatives is available by phone. Over 40 local Technical Representatives are available to work with you in your office or on jobsites. We also train thousands of installers each year to assure that local labor is fully informed on new products and methods. LATICRETE was first in our industry to obtain ISO 9000 certification. You can have confidence in LATICRETE QualityYou have many choices � why choose LATICRETE? Tile and Stone installation materials is all we do. We pour all of our resources into creating solutions to installation challenges brought about by changes in technology in construction and in the tile and stone industries. We�ve provided innovative solutions for our entire existence and will continue into the future. LATICRETE products are available and have been used the world over in all types of climates and installation types. Our experience and success in these demanding environments is your best guarantee of success. We stand behind our brand. Comprehensive labor and materials warranties are available for all types of installation systems. They are written in advance, in plain and simple language and are available for review at www.laticrete.com Our Technical Support and training are second to none. Our staff of 8 full time Technical Service Representatives is available by phone. Over 40 local Technical Representatives are available to work with you in your office or on jobsites. We also train thousands of installers each year to assure that local labor is fully informed on new products and methods. LATICRETE was first in our industry to obtain ISO 9000 certification. You can have confidence in LATICRETE Quality

31. With so many variables to consider in each installation, why not use the fastest and most reliable specification system available today? The LATICRETE Architectural Guidebook quickly guides users through a qualification process and then creates a tightly �written specification and execution statement. No more disagreements about what materials or methods are to be used � it is all clearly spelled out in black and white � in text and graphically. Appropriate editable CAD details are also immediately available as are complete submittal packages. The Architectural Guidebook is a great way to streamline your specification process � why not try it today?With so many variables to consider in each installation, why not use the fastest and most reliable specification system available today? The LATICRETE Architectural Guidebook quickly guides users through a qualification process and then creates a tightly �written specification and execution statement. No more disagreements about what materials or methods are to be used � it is all clearly spelled out in black and white � in text and graphically. Appropriate editable CAD details are also immediately available as are complete submittal packages. The Architectural Guidebook is a great way to streamline your specification process � why not try it today?