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IGF1 levels in mice with GRF signaling deficiency (black bars) compared to normal controls (white bars). Asterisks indicate significant differences. From Sun LY, Spong A, Swindell WR, et al., Growth hormone-releasing hormone disruption extends lifespan and regulates response to caloric restriction in mice. eLife. 2013;2:e01098, reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. For More Info Visit: https://www.blueskypeptide.com/blog/modgrf-study-ghrh-r/<br>
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My Cart: 0 item(s) Home / Blog BLOGS DISCLAIMER modGRF and the Study of GHRHR 1. IGF1 levels in mice with GRF signaling deficiency (black bars) compared to normal controls (white bars). Asterisks indicate significant differences. From Sun LY, Spong A, Swindell WR, et al., Growth hormonereleasing hormone disruption extends lifespan and regulates response to caloric restriction in mice. eLife. 2013;2:e01098, reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License Modified GRF, or modGRF, is a shortened form of the growthhormone releasing hormone (GHRH). GHRH is also known as the GHreleasing factor, or GRF. GRF is released from the hypothalamus to bind GHRH receptors (GHRHR) in the pituitary gland, which results in the release of GH . modGRF is made up of 29 amino acids (129), whereas full GRF possesses 44. Some studies on the structure of modGRF indicate that amino acids 1321 alone are essential for GHRHR binding, as deleting amino acids outside this region decreased receptor affinity by a maximum of 5%, whereas deletion or substitution within the 1321 chain decreased affinity to less than 1% . On the other hand, the alteration of either terminus also had a deleterious effect on GHRHR affinity . modGRF may also be termed sermorelin. Treatment with a form of modGRF resulted in a fourfold increase in GH release in an in vitro study using rat pituitary cells in culture . This peptide may have beneficial roles in animal growth, fat metabolism and hormonal regulation. It may also modulate IGF1 activity, due to its effects on GH . This implies another role for modGRF in immune system regulation . Based on its physiological and biochemical properties, modGRF is regarded as a viable experimental, and also 1 2 2 3 1 1
possibly therapeutic, agent. Experimental uses of modGRF GRF may also instigate pain relief in response to inflammation, due to its actions on pituitary receptors. An animal study demonstrated the hormone's effects on a rat model of this (i.e. endotoxininduced hyperalgesia). Rats treated with intraperitoneal GRF 300 minutes before experimental endotoxin administration exhibited reduced, dosedependent thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia . Despite this, GRF may not have significant effects on the concentrations of proinflammatory biomarkers such as NFkappaB, interleukins or TNFalpha . There is some evidence that GHRH activation results in the recruitment of immunesystem cells. This receptor may also play a role in the promotion of granulocyte proliferation . modGRF is also associated with the release of histamine in rodent mast cell culture studies . 4 4 5 6 GHRHR Activation and its Role in Disease The receptor for GRF and its analogs, GHRHR, has been observed as being overexpressed on many cancer cell lines . GRF may also promote the expression of epidermal growth factortype receptors on murine prostate cancer cell lines . Its receptors may also play a role in the progression and proliferation of the cells associated with atypical, treatmentresistant breast cancer types . GHRHR activation may also promote general cell proliferation and impair normal cellular apoptosis . modGRF also significantly increased the concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a marker of potential neovascularization (or new blood vessel growth) in an in vitro study . These properties may be exploited by tumors in order to enhance survival and avoid cell death. Therefore, modGRF may be used to validate the effects of emerging GHRHR antagonists currently proposed as anticancer drugs. An example of these demonstrated the ability to significantly inhibit the growth of prostate cancer cells grafted onto nude mice . On the other hand, the inhibition of GHRHR was shown to have a negative effect in a mouse model of acetaminopheninduced liver damage . 7 8 9 1,10 11 10 12 References: Qin YJ, Chan SO, Chong KK, et al. Antagonist of GHreleasing hormone receptors alleviates experimental ocular inflammation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014;111(51):1830318308. Gaudreau P, Boulanger L, Abribat T. Affinity of human growth hormonereleasing factor (129)NH2 analogues for GRF binding sites in rat adenopituitary. Journal of medicinal chemistry. 1992;35(10):18641869. Jette L, Leger R, Thibaudeau K, et al. Human growth hormonereleasing factor (hGRF)129albumin bioconjugates activate the GRF receptor on the anterior pituitary in rats: identification of CJC1295 as a long lasting GRF analog. Endocrinology. 2005;146(7):30523058. Talhouk RS, Saade NE, Mouneimne G, Masaad CA, SafiehGarabedian B. Growth hormone releasing hormone reverses endotoxininduced localized inflammatory hyperalgesia without reducing the upregulated cytokines, nerve growth factor and gelatinase activity. Progress in neuropsychopharmacology & biological psychiatry. 2004;28(4):625631. Khorram O, Yeung M, Vu L, Yen SS. Effects of [norleucine27]growth hormonereleasing hormone (GHRH) (1 29)NH2 administration on the immune system of aging men and women. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 1997;82(11):35903596. Estevez MD, Alfonso A, Vieytes MR, Louzao MC, Botana LM. Study of the activation mechanism of human GRF(129)NH2 on rat mast cell histamine release. Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.]. 1995;44(2):8791. Ziegler CG, Ullrich M, Schally AV, et al. Antitumor effects of peptide analogs targeting neuropeptide hormone receptors on mouse pheochromocytoma cells. Molecular and cellular endocrinology. 2013;371(0):189194.
MunozMoreno L, Arenas MI, Carmena MJ, Schally AV, Prieto JC, Bajo AM. Growth hormonereleasingMunozMoreno L, Arenas MI, Carmena MJ, Schally AV, Prieto JC, Bajo AM. Growth hormonereleasing hormone antagonists abolish the transactivation of human epidermal growth factor receptors in advanced prostate cancer models. Investigational new drugs. 2014;32(5):871882. Perez R, Schally AV, Vidaurre I, Rincon R, Block NL, Rick FG. Antagonists of growth hormonereleasing hormone suppress in vivo tumor growth and gene expression in triple negative breast cancers. Oncotarget. 2012;3(9):988997. Stangelberger A, Schally AV, Rick FG, et al. Inhibitory effects of antagonists of growth hormone releasing hormone on experimental prostate cancers are associated with upregulation of wildtype p53 and decrease in p21 and mutant p53 proteins. The Prostate. 2012;72(5):555565. Stepien T, Sacewicz M, Lawnicka H, et al. Stimulatory effect of growth hormonereleasing hormone (GHRH(1 29)NH2) on the proliferation, VEGF and chromogranin A secretion by human neuroendocrine tumor cell line NCIH727 in vitro. Neuropeptides. 2009;43(5):397400. Wang T, Hai J, Chen X, et al. Inhibition of GHRH aggravated acetaminopheninduced acute mice liver injury through GH/IGFI axis. Endocrine journal. 2012;59(7):579587. Categories: Peptides Posted On: March 18 2016 Posted By: Admin Hexarelin: A ghrelin mimetic with many applications The effects of hexarelin, administered both pre and postexperimentallyinduced ischemia, on the intracellular calcium levels of cultured murine cardiomyocytes. Asterisks indicate significant differences. From: Ma Y, Zhang L, Edwards JN, Launikonis BS, Chen C. Growth hormone secretagogues protect mouse cardiomyocytes from in vitro ischemia/reperfusion injury