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Art: The Baroque. Harmonize the classical ideals of Renaissance art with the spiritual ... Art: Dutch Realism. Judith Leyster (c. 1609 1660) A Golden Age of ...
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Slide 1:Europe Transformed: Reform and State Building
Slide 2:The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century: Background The Growth of State Power
Social Changes in the Renaissance
The Impact of Printing
Prelude to Reformation
Christian Humanism
Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)
Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation
Problems in the Church
View of ordinary people
Slide 3:Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany
Monk and professor at the University of Wittenberg
Looking for assurance of salvation
Catholic Church emphasized both faith and good works
Luther arrived at the idea of justification by faith alone
Immediate problem was the selling of indulgences
Ninety-five Theses, 1517
Excommunication, 1521
The religious movement became a revolution
Quickly became territorial, or state, churches
New form of worship
Closely tied to political affairs
Peace of Augsburg, 1555
Slide 4:The Spread of the Protestant Reformation Calvin and Calvinism
John Calvin (1509-1564)
Institutes of the Christian Religion, 1536
Doctrine of predestination
Reform of the city of Geneva, Switzerland, 1536
English Reformation
King Henry VIII of England (1509-1574)
Desire to divorce Catherine of Aragon
Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, 1533
Act of Supremacy, 1534
King Edward VI of England (1547-1553)
Queen Mary of England (1553-1558)
Slide 5:The Spread of the Protestant Reformation (cont.d) Anabaptists
Radical reformers
Believed in separation of church and state
The Social Impact of the Reformation
New views of the family
Slide 6:Catholics and Protestants in Europe by 1560
Slide 7:The Catholic Reformation Society of Jesus, 1540
Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)
Absolute obedience
Use of education to achieve their goals
A reformed papacy
Pope Paul III, 1534-1549
Reform commission
Recognized the Jesuits
Council of Trent, 1545-1563
Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings
Slide 8:Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
Huguenots
Ultra-Catholics
War of the three Henries, (1588-1589)
Henry IV, (1589-1610)
Edict of Nantes, (1598)
Philip II and Militant Catholicism
Philip II of Spain, (1556-1598)
Strict conformity to Catholicism / Strong monarchical authority
Problems with the Spanish Netherlands
Battle of Lepanto, 1571, against the Turks
Problems with the Netherlands
The England of Elizabeth
Queen Elizabeth I, 1558-1603, daughter of Henry VIII
The Spanish Armada
Slide 9:Europe in the Seventeenth Century
Slide 10:Economic and Social Crisis: Witchcraft Mania
Italy became an economic backwater
Increase in population from 60 million in 1500 to 85 million in 1600; decline after 1650, especially in central and southern Europe
Witchcraft
Perhaps 100,000 prosecuted
Poor most likely to be accused
More than 75 percent were women
Slide 11:Economic Trends in the Seventeenth Century Mercantilism
International commerce
New forms of commercial organization
Joint-stock companies
80 percent of Europeans involved in agriculture
Slide 12:Seventeenth Century Crises: Revolution and War
Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
Rivalry between France, Spain, and Holy Roman Empire
Peace of Westphalia, 1648
A Military Revolution?
New technologies and tactics
The growing expense of war
Slide 13:The Practice of Absolutism France under Louis XIV
Louis XIV (1643-1715), The Sun King
Important to control of central policy-making machinery
Versailles served three purposes:
Greatest danger came from the high nobility
King has authority over the traditional areas of monarchial power
Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683)
Wars
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe
Brandenburg-Prussia
Frederick William the Great Elector (1640-1688)
Frederick I, First king of Prussia, 1701
Austria
Territorial expansion
Monarch never becomes highly centralized
Slide 14:From Moscovy to Russia
Ivan IV, the Terrible, (1533-1584)
First to take the title tsar
Dynasty ends in 1598 followed by anarchy
Zemsky Sobor (national assembly) chose Michael Romanov in 1598 to be new tsar
Peter the Great (1689-1725)
Trip west, 1697-1698
Plans to westernize Russia
Reorganize army and navy
Divided Russia into provinces
Hoped to create a sense of civic duty
Slide 15:England and Limited Monarchy Revolution and Civil War
James VI of Scotland became James I (1603-1625) of England
Charles I (1625-1649)
Monarchy abolished
Republic, 1648-1660
Oliver Cromwell and military rule
Dispersed Parliament by force
After Cromwells death, monarchy restored
Slide 16:Restoration and a Glorious Revolution
Charles II (1660-1685)
Parliament suspicious of his Catholic leanings
Declaration of Indulgence, 1672
Charles forced to suspend the declaration
James II (1685-1688)
Open and devout Catholic
Religion once again area of conflict
Birth of a son, 1688, assuring Catholic monarchy
Throne offered to William of Orange and his wife Mary, the Protestant daughter of James II
Bill of Rights
Slide 17:European Culture Art: The Baroque
Harmonize the classical ideals of Renaissance art with the spiritual feeling of the 16th century religious revival
Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)
Art: Dutch Realism
Judith Leyster (c. 1609 1660)
A Golden Age of Literature in England
Called the Elizabethan Era
William Shakespeare(1564-1614)